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In 1793, Napoleon forced British troops out with a victory at the French port of Toulon.
In 1794, he won over Austrian troops in Italy.
In 1795, He fought against royalists to regain power in Paris. He forced loyalists to flee and was rewarded with being in charge of defending the French interior.
In 1796, Directory placed Napoleon in command of French forces invading Italy. He won battles against the Austrians and Italians. His victories kept France’s borders secure and won France territory. -
Napoleon took the French fleet and a large army across the Mediterranean sea to disrupt valuable trade between Great Britain and India. They defeated Egypt’s Ottoman defenders and won control of much of Egypt. However, he lost at the Battle of the Nile, left his fleet behind in Egypt, and sailed back to France. He kept his defeat out of the press and emphasized the successes of the French army, becoming a national hero in the process.
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The Directory was an oligarchy of five directors.The directory ended in 1799 when Napoleon seized power. The directory was weak, corrupt, and inefficient.
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Napoleon takes control of the french government in coup d’état, or a forced transfer of power. He gained power out of the people’s fear that loyalists would place a monarchy in power. Others feared the growing opposition of European nations such as Great Britain and Austria, against French. Napoleon was chosen because France craved the order and stability that Napoleon promised. He also promised to uphold some key revolutionary reforms.
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The Treaty of Luneville ended the war between France and Austria. Since defeat, the Austrians signed in a series of humiliating treaties. After this treaty, Great Britain was the sole nation still at war with France. The treaty was signed between the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis.
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Napoleon concluded a concordat with Pope Pius VII, intended to relieve the resentment of Catholics over the treatment of the Church and the clergy.
- The concordat recognized Roman Catholicism as the religion of the majority of the French and agreed to pay the parish clergy.
- The agreement was signed in Paris.
- Most civil status was restored in France.
- The balance of church-state relations tilted firmly in Napoleon's favor.
- He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. -
In Napoleon's quest to conquer Europe, he began a series of wars that became known as the Napoleonic Wars. France became the dominant European power under his control. The wars lasted until 1815, keeping France in almost continuous warfare for more than a decade. Napoleon’s ultimate goal was to defeat Great Britain. Admiral Nelson and the British Navy, who had previously defeated him in Egypt, stood in his way of his victory.
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The Napoleonic Code organized all French Laws into one code. Napoleon instituted the code on all conquered lands.
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Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France. He submitted a plebiscite, or a question put before all the voters. Did they want to declare France an empire? French voters supported him and all answered yes. He then became Emperor Napoleon I. Pope Pius came from Rome to crown Napoleon emperor in Paris. As the Pope was about to crown him, Napoleon snatched the crown and put it on himself. This was his message to the world that no one gave Napoleon his authority, but rather he took it for himself.
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The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars. The British navy defeated the combined French and Spanish navy in the battle.
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The Battle of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon won a victory over Russia and Austrian troops at the Battle of Austerlitz, near Vienna, Austria. This battle served as Napoleon's greatest victories and it se the course of European history for a decade.
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Napoleon sent troops to Portugal to take control and drive out the king. He quickly conquered the Spain throne but the Spanish resented the foreign ruler and revolted in 1808. Britain sent military forces to Spain to help. Napoleon won several victories over the British and Spanish. The Spanish people began guerilla wars in which bands of peasants ambushed French troops and raided camps. The French killed innocent Spanish civilians as punishment. Napoleon later had to pull his troops from Spain.
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Napoleon put his relatives into positions of power throughout Europe. The oldest brother, Joseph Napoleon, became king of Spain. Meanwhile the youngest brother, Jerome Napoleon, became king of Westphalia. Napoleon’s step son, Eugene Napoleon, ruled the kingdom of Italy. His sister, Elisa Napoleon, was grand duchess of Tuscant. Lastly, his brother-in-law, Joachim Napoleon, ruled the Kingdom of Naples. Overall the Napoleon family was able to conquer and control most of Europe.
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Napoleon's army of 600k marched across the Russian border. His invasion was troubled from the beginning.
-Many of the soldiers were new and disloyal
-Supplies were lost/spoiled along roads.
-The July heat made men and horses miserable.
-Men suffered from disease, desperation, and hunger.
The French eventually won the battle with high casualties. Napoleon could not support his troops in Moscow, so he was forced to leave. Starvation and freezing temperatures killed thousands decimating his army. -
Napoleon’s disaster in Russia gave his enemies an upper hand. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain allied against France. Napoleon raised a new army but they were inexperienced. The allies met Napoleon at Leipzig, Germany but he faced a clear defeat. Napoleon had to give up his throne. The victors allowed him to keep the emperor title, but his new empire was tiny. A small Mediterranean island named Elba off the coast of Italy. He went into exile with a small pension and about 400 guards.
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Napoleon hired a ship to take him and his supporters back to France. Louis XVIII panicked and fled to Belgium, and the allies declared Napoleon an outlaw. Although some French people despised Napoleon for his years of bitter warfare, many French people were excited to hear of his return because of his reforms and the glory he brought to France. Then occurred the Hundred Days, or a brief period of renewed glory for Napoleon and of problems for his enemies.
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Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena off the coast of Africa. Six years later, Napoleon died in exile on May 5, 1821, at age 51, most likely from stomach cancer.
