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Leadership (Germany): Linked control of German and northern Italy to title of Emperor of the Romans, which would become the Holy Roman Empire.
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Ruler (France): Established a hereditary monarchy instead of an elective. The French monarchs establish the law courts known as parlements.
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Religion: A church council announces that popes will be selected by College of Cardinals.
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War (England): Last successful Norman invasion. William I is victorious.
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Pope Gregory declared a lot of things, such as: papal primacy, that no noble or monarch had power over the Pope, and that no one who was not part of the clergy could participate in clerical powers or offices. He confronted many rulers such as Henry IV. He excommunicated Henry and Henry deposed Pope Gregory.
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Ruler (Holy Roman Empire):Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
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Religion: Used to demonstrate the Pope's power. The crusades were called for the following reasons: to serve as a place where soldiers could vent their aggression towards heathens instead of toward each other, to reconquest Jerusalem, for possible restoration of Eastern Orthodox and Roman Church, served as an opportunity to gain land and wealth, and they gave an opportunity to gain penance, as well as other spiritual benefits.
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Rulers (England): He and Henry II are very important to the development of English Common Law (Circuit Court System, Case Law, Trial by Jury, Indictment Jury, Grand Jury).
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Religion: Recognized that bishops are not only church leaders but temporal leaders as well.
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Religion: Re-established the celibacy of the clergy.
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Their kids are Richard I and John, who would later be kings of England.
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Ruler (England): Very important to the development of English Common Law.
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Religion: The church is the greatest opponent to Henry II's expansion of power. Henry makes his friend Thomas Becket the Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping he will have his support from the inside.
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Religion: Becket changes once he gets into the church and becomes Henry's enemy. One day Henry says something along the lines of, "Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?" and some soldiers take him seriously. Four soldiers go to the Canterbury Cathedral and kill the archbishop.
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Religion: His reign begins. Asserted papal primacy over all monarchs. (High point of pope power).
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Rulers (England): Signs the Magna Carta and creates the two houses of Parliament
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England: Establishes trial by jury, prohibition against arbitrary arrests, and that the King cannot levy taxes without consent of the kingdom.
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Government (England): House of Lords and House of Commons
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Religion: Established that Christians must confess their sins at least once a year, pronouncement of Marriage Banns (public announcement of marriage which establishes permanent record), and Transubstantiation.
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Ruler (France): He prohibited private warfare among nobles, established sound and reliable coinage, and was very beloved by his subjects.
