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God created two swords, one religous and one politcal.
Gelasius thought that the pope should bow to the emperor in political matters and the emperor should bow to the pope in religious matters. They competed for power. -
canon law is the body of laws governing the religious practices of the Christian church
excommunication- banishment from the Church
interdict- excludes someone from participation in sacraments and other rites -
Church reformers felt that kings should not have power to elect church officials. He excommunicated Henry IV.
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asks for forgiveness from Gregory VII
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Church representatives met in city of Worms. Church could appoint bishop, but emperor can veto it.
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Germany needed a strong ruler to keep peace.
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The foot soldiers of the Lombard League faced Frederick's army of mounted knights at this battle. For the first time in history, the Italian foot soldiers used crossbows to defeat feudal knights.
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he returned to Germany
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Frederick drowned and his empire fell
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Crowned by Pope Leo III
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He was the most effective ruler of medieval Germany and formed a close alliance with the Church.
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He invaded Italy on the pope's behalf and was crowned by the pope.
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The German-Italian empire Otto created later became the Holy Roman Empire.
