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This council was summoned by Pope Pius IX the bull Aeterni patris of
29 June 1868. The first session was held in St. Peter's basilica on 8 December 1869. Their job was to to deal with contemporary problems. These contemporary problems include the rising influence of rationalism, liberalism, and materialism. By the end of the council the pope was recgnised as the leader of the catholic church and this was lead by Blessed Pius the IX. The first vatican council began in 1869 and ended in 1870. -
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The Council of Chalcedon was a church council held from October 8 to November 1, AD 451,
at Chalcedon. The Council is considered to have been
the fourth ecumenical (representing a number of different Christian Churches.) council by the Great Church. Besides dealing with matters of theology, the Council of Chalcedon is famous
for upholding an earlier ruling concerning church structure. The Council of Chalcedon.
assigned equal honor to the Church of Constantinople and the Church of Rome. -
The East–West Schism, commonly referred to as
the Great Schism of 1054, is the break of communion
between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and
Catholic Churches, which began in the 11th century
and continues to the present day. The primary causes
of the schism were disputes over conflicting claims of
jurisdiction, in particular over papal authority, Pope Leo
IX claimed he held authority over the four Eastern
patriarchs. -
The Black Death was an epidemic of bubonic plague, a disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that circulates among wild rodents where they live in great numbers and density. Such an area is called a 'plague focus' or a '
plague reservoir'. The Black Death arrived in Europe
by sea in October 1347 when 12 Genoese trading ships docked at the Sicilian port of Messina after a long journey through the Black Sea. The people who gathered on the docks to greet the ships were met with a suprise. -
The Reformation is one of the most profound
processes of change in
Europe of the sixteenth century. Intense criticism
of the Church of Rome led by the pope resulted in
various reformational currents and the formation of
several Protestant church reformations. Its religious
aspects were supplemented
by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend
their power and control at the expense of the Church. -
Born in Eisleben, Germany, in 1483, Martin Luther went on to become one of Western history’s most significant figures. Luther spent his early years in relative anonymity as a monk and scholar. But in 1517 Luther penned a document attacking the Catholic Church’s corrupt practice of selling “indulgences” to absolve sin. His “95 Theses,” which propounded two central beliefs,that the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not their deeds.
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The Council of Trent held between 1545 and 1563 in
Trento and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the
Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical
councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it
has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. The goals formally assigned to the council
by Paul III in 1542 were to define doctrine, correct morals,
restore peace among Christians, and repel infidels. -
Peace of Augsburg, 1555, temporary settlement
within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict
arising from the Reformation. Each prince was to
determine whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism
was to prevail in his lands. Dissenters were allowed to
emigrate, and the free cities were obligated to allow both Catholics and Lutherans to practice their religions.
Calvinists and others were ignored. -
The twenty-first Roman Catholic ecumenical council (1962–65) convened by Pope John XXIII.
Its 16 documents redefined the nature of the church, gave bishops greater influence in church affairs, and increased lay participation in liturgy.
Pope John XXIII called the Council very soon after he was elected.
He saw that the Church needed to make the message of faith more relevant to people in the twentieth century.
