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preaches a Sacrum Bellum
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Ayyubid led by Saladin prompted the Third Crusade.
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Elected Pope Innocent III
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The meeting of the fourth Ecumencial Lateran Council is closed by Pope Innocent III
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Templar are secretly absolved by Pope Clement V
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is closed on the third formal session.
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posts his 95 Theses
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Making King of England Head of the Church of England
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excommunicates Henry VIII of England
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decisive victory for the army of the Holy League
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successfully finished re-erecting the Vatican Obelisk at its present site in St. Peter's Square.
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re-established in France.
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Notre Dame, Paris
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founded Opus Dei, a worldwide organization of lay members of the Catholic Church.
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Start of the Second World War. The Vatican, after trying to avoid the war, declares neutrality to avoid being drawn into the conflict.
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becomes the first pope to use a double regnal name. He reigns for only 33 days.
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becomes the first Polish pope and first non-Italian pope elected in 450 years
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instituted by Pope John Paul II celebrated in Rome.