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The activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.
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Prince Henry of Portugal sponsored the voyage to Madeira Islands and established the colony at Porto Santo. He did not travel, but the Portuguese he sponsored, discovered the islands.
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Johannes Gutenburg invented the printing press.
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Christopher Columbus lands in San Salvador on his expedition to the America's.
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The Columbian exchange was the trade of natural resources, technology, disease, ect, between the new world and the old world.
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Renaissance ideas traveled to Northern Europe. Students studied in Italy, then returned home and printing also helped spread ideas.
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Gama is known for finding a water route to India.
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Leonardo Da Vinci painted "the Last Supper"
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Michelangelo is known as an Italian renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet-influence on the development of western art.
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Da Vinci is known as an Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist and architect; the most versatile genius of the Italian Renaissance.
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In this piece of writing, Erasmus bashed merchants, philosophers, theologians, and monks.
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"Novum Instumentum" was the first New Testament that was translated to Greek by Erasmus.
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This act of that Martin Luther is known for was the spark to the Reformation.
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Magellan sets sail from Spain in 1519. He later discovers the Strait of Magellan.
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Cortes is known for conquering the Aztec Empire.
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When John Calvin encountered the writings of Luther it changed his thoughts on God.
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Pizarro is known for conquering the Incan Empire by killing their emperor.
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King Henry the VIII created the Anglican church because he got mad at the pope of the catholic church. The pope would not allow him to get in a divorce. The Anglican church was basically a catholic church with no pope, but King Henry the VIII in power of the church.
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The Jesuits were founded by St.Ignatius of Loyola. They were interested in education and missionary work. They had more missionaries than any other group and they helped slow protestantism.
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Cartier explored the St. Lawrence river.
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When Calvin settled in Geneva, Switzerland, he also published "The Institutes of the Christian Religion". John Calvin's ideas helped start a theocracy in Switzerland.
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The Jesuits were officially recognized by Pope Paul III (the church). The Jesuits are a roman catholic order of men. Members of the Jesuits took vows of poverty, chastity, pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and special obedience to the pope.
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Copernicus is known for discovering the sun is the center of the universe. He proposed the heliocentric theory and model.
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The Council of Trent met three times during this time period. Pope Paul III called for the meetings because he knew the church needed clearly define doctrines. In the meetings the councils brought reform and clearly defined doctrines, they ruled against Luther's ideas, they defined the canons of the old testament and new testament and they defined the sacrament and mass.
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The Huguenots attacked France in civil wars. This was the beginning of the Reformation in France.
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Elizabeth I made the Anglican church the official state church.
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Francis Drake is known for circumnavigating the globe.
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Drake helped England in the defeat against the Spanish Armada.
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Shakespeare wrote his first play during the renaissance, called Henry VI part one, part two, and part three.
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Miguel De Cervantes published the first part of "Don Quixote".
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Galileo invented the telescope during the scientific revolution.
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Kepler published the first two laws of planetary motion before the third. The third law was published in 1619.
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Louis XIII becomes the king of France at the age of 8. He had a chief minister, cardinal Richelieu.
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Richelieu kept France out of the war, so other countries could become weak while France stayed strong. France eventually joined the war and gains valuable territory from it.
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William Harvey published "de Motu Cordis" on blood circulation. He is known for his studies in blood circulation and the heart.
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The parliament passed laws to limit royal power. This was an issue that led to the English Civil war.
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This is a war with the kings/nobles against parliament/puritans. Charles I leads the Kings and nobles while Oliver Cromwell is leading parliament and the puritans. This war begins when the puritans in parliament try to take power from the king, so Charles I leads troops to arrest parliament.
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The Puritans and Oliver Cromwell defeat Charles I and the cavaliers.
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Oliver Cromwell had Charles I executed for being guilty of treason against parliament. This event ended the English Civil war.
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Hobbes believed all humans were wicked. If they were left to themselves, they would let their evil ways run wild. He believed the best government would have the power of a leviathan. He also figured an absolute monarchy would be best.
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Parliament votes for Charles II to rule England.
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Charles I enters London, restored the monarchy. This is the beginning of the restoration.
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This law gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering the prisoner be brought before a judge to specify the charges against the prisoner. It also stated that the prisoner could not be help indefinitely without trials.
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Louis XIV moved the royal court to the Palace of Versailles.
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James II became king of England after Charles II dies of old age.
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The Enlightenment was a movement of the 18th century that stressed the belief that science and logic gave people more knowledge and understanding than tradition and religion.
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Isaac Newton published the laws of motion and universal gravitation in "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy".
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William led his army to London, James fled to France. This was the beginning of the Glorious Revolution.
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William and Mary made England's government a constitutional monarchy when they overthrew James.
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The Bill of Rights limits the power of the monarchy by creating a separation of powers, therefore enhancing and protecting the rights of citizens. After the Glorious Revolution, William and Mary had to agree to accept the Bill of Rights before they were able to be sworn in as king and queen.
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Locke said that people were sovereign. He believed that people had the gift of reason. He said that the government has a contract with the people to protect their rights to life, liberty, and property. If the government abused these rights, the people were justified in rebelling.
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Montesquieu wrote "The Spirit of Laws". He said the best form of government was separation of powers. He also said you can't have liberty if two branches are ran by one person. The government needs checks and balances.
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He wrote that the government has a contract between the rulers and the people. He meant that liberty was everyone's birthright, but many were oppressed. Rousseau also believed that civilization meant the stronger ruled over the weaker.
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Louis XVI was the last king of France.
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The third estate took the Tennis Court Oath when they were locked out by the clergy and nobles (the first and second estates).
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The peasants were afraid the troops were going to attack them.
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The National Assembly issued the declaration of the rights of man and the citizen.
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Thousand of women marched to Versailles and demanded to see Louis XVI.
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The citizens of Paris stormed the Bastille (a prison) to rebel against the unfair French government.
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The National Assembly completes the new constitution of 1791.
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Louis XVI tried sneaking out of Paris. He was caught by guards and executed for treason.
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The third estate or the radicals takes over the government.
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The Reign of Terror began with the execution of Louis XVI. Robespierre had killed about 40,000 people. He was killing whoever was against the revolution.
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The Reign of Terror ends with the execution of Robespierre.
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He felt that religious toleration should win over religious fanaticism. He believed in the separation of church and the state. Voltaire wrote against prejudice, intolerance, and superstition.
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The moderates regain control and write the constitution of 1795.
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Napoleon is know as one of the best military generals.
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Napoleon and the French army were defeated at the battle of Waterloo. After this defeat, Napoleon was no longer the emperor for France.
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