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British repression against the colonists. -
Ideological and political revolution based on the principles of the American Enlightenment.
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Colonists expelled the British and prepared to war -
Military conflict between the American and the British forces -
Numerous revolutions in the Atlantic World that brought critical ideas of absolutist monarchies that began to spread.
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Acknowledgement of the American Independence -
Louis XVI needed money, his intention was to collect higher taxes but this proposal was rejected by the Assembly of Notables (Nobility+Clergy)
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First written Constitution that was entirely liberal and promoted suffrage, separation of powers, republican system, presidential rule and federal structure of the State. -
Charles IV of Spain, was the King of Spain from 1788 until his abdication in 1808. Charles IV is often described as a weak and indecisive ruler, who relied heavily on his wife, Queen Maria Luisa, and his favorite advisor, Manuel de Godoy. During his reign, Spain faced numerous challenges, including economic downturns, political instability, and conflicts with foreign powers. His reign is also marked by the the French Revolution, which had a big impact on Spain.
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Louis XVI summoned the Parliament with the intention of collecting more taxes. -
The Third Estate and some members of the Clergy and Nobility met in a Tennis Court and promised not to separate until there was a constitution -
Violent attack on the government by the people of France. -
The National Assembly abolished the feudal system and the seigneurial rights of the Second Estate. -
Its main principles were constitutional monarchy, census suffrage, separation of the three powers and shared sovereignity between the king and the parliament -
Protected citizens' rights -
The Royal Family fled to Austria. Louis XVI was pressured to accept the Constitution but secretly supported the First Coalition. People wanted the king's abdication an a war against France started.
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This period was characterised by the downfall and abolition of the French monarchy. Its motto was: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité"
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First French government as a republic.
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They held power at a critical time and were responsible for provoking the wars with France's enemies. The eventual failure of these wars led not only to the king's execution but also to the downfall of the party and the introduction of the Reign of Terror. (https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095853656)
They made moderate reforms and belonged to the burgeoisie. -
Great effort of the main European Monarchies (Austria, Prussia, Spain and the UK) to contain the revolutionaries (Jacobins and Girondins) -
The king and the queen are tried, convicted of treason and guillotined at the Place de la Révolution. Louis XVI was beheaded on January the 21st and his wife Marie Antoinette, on October the 16th.
(https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/executions-of-louis-xvi-and-marie-antoinette-king-and-queen-of-france-1793/) -
Public executions, extreme violence and mass killings from September 1793 to October 1794. The Terror was organized by the twelve-man Committee of Public Safety, which exercised almost dictatorial control over France.
(https://www.worldhistory.org/Reign_of_Terror/) -
This political club emerged as the most influential force. Its rise to power coincided with the Reign of Terror, a time marked by the execution of over 10,000 people, with many facing trial and punishment for their political activities.
They made deeper reforms and belonged to the lower burgeoisie. -
It was the second constitution ratified for use during the French Revolution under the First Republic. It promoted National Sovereignty and Male Universal Suffrage. -
Wave of violent attacks and persecution of previous leaders. -
Formed by 5 directors who were elected by the Council of Ancients. They were moderate and conservative.
The Directory faced many problems: famine, civil war, internal corruption and war with neighbouring countries.
(https://www.ducksters.com/history/french_revolution/directory.php) -
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Napoleon proclaimed himself First Consul. -
This new government was formed by three people: Napoleon Bonaparte, Sièyes and Ducos.
Some of the reforms they made:
1. Imposed the Napoleonic Code
2. Careers opened to talents
3. Stabilisation of the situation
4. Administrative centralisation
Other important events:
1. War against the Second Coalition
2.Concordat with Pope Pius -
The French Consulate replaced the Directory through a bloodless coup d'état. -
An agreement was signed between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. This agreement, which was effective until 1905, aimed to bring national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics. Additionally, it firmly established the Roman Catholic Church as the predominant church of France, ensuring the restoration of its civil status. -
After being First Consul, Napoleon proclaimed himself First Consul for Life. -
Napoleon proclaimed himself Emperor of France by a plebiscite -
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Naval engagement where the British Royal Navy defeated the Spanish and French Navies -
After the British had defeated the French Navy, Napoleon tried to stop British exports to Europe. Portugal didn't supported the Continental System and Napoleon will punish them. Great Britain was able to block the French shipping. -
Treaty between Spain and France. It stated that Spain would collaborate in Portugal's invasion, in return, France would give a part of Portugal to Spain. -
Godoy sent the Royal Family to Aranjuez with the intention of boarding them to America. The inhabitants realised that the monarchs were trying to escape and they revolted. -
The Abdications of Bayonne involved the forced abdications of Charles IV and his son, Ferdinand VII, as kings of Spain. The Spanish thrown was given to Napoleon Bonaparte, who then gave it to his brother, Joseph. The rest of the Royal Family also renounced to their rights in exchange of an economic compensation. There was a new dinasty in Spain: the Bonaparte. -
It was a popular revolt that took place in Plaza de Oriente against the occupation of the city of Madrid by the French troops. It was violently repressed by French forces and the Mamelukes. There were more than 1200 executed people. They supported Ferdinand. -
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Independencies of some countries of Latin America due to the militar repression, economic crisis, criollismo and independency os US as a model.
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- Popular opposition in Spain, UK and Portugal
- Napoleon's invasion of Russia -> Prussia, Austria and Russia reacted together.
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Agreement between Austria, Russia, Prussia and the UK for the purpose of defeating Napoleon Bonaparte. It was the first step for the creation of the Congress of Vienna. -
It was fought between a coalition of European nations (Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Sweden) against the French Empire. The coalition forces won the battle, leading to the collapse of Napoleon's control over Germany. This battle marked the beginning of Napoleon's decline and the eventual downfall of his empire. -
Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba in 1814 after his abdication as Emperor of France. Napoleon lived on Elba for a year, where he implemented several reforms and infrastructure projects. However, he regained power, returned to France, re-joined his army and supported the "Empire of the Hundred Days" -
Fardinand VII is on the Spanish Crown and it is subdivided in three stages: Absolutist Sexennium, Liberal Triennium and Omnious Decade. He dies in 1833 without a male heir.
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The Congress of Vienna took place in 1815 in Vienna, Austria. It restored stability and order in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. The main powers of Europe managed to negotiate and establish a new balance of power. They created a system of alliances and boundaries to prevent future conflicts and expansion of France. The Congress of Vienna brought peace to Europe for some decades.
Video: https://study.com/learn/lesson/congress-of-vienna.html -
Agreement between the rulers of Russia, Austria, Prussia and France to rule in a spirit of Christian charity and to assist in bad times.
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After his first exile in Elba, he re-joined his armies.
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Napoleon Bonaparte led the French army against the forces of the Third Coalition, consisting of the troops of the UK, Netherlands and Prussia. The arrival of the Prussian army in favor of the Third Coalition, resulted in the victory of the Coalition and the fall of Napoleon's reign. -
Napoleon's final exile took place on the island of St Helena. He was sent there after his defeat in the Battle of Waterloo. Saint Helena's island is located in the South Atlantic Ocean that made Napoleon unable to escape or exert any influence. He spent his last years on the island, writing memoirs, reflecting on his past, and suffering from declining health. Napoleon died there. -
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Agreement between France, Austria, Russia, Prussia and Great Britain to mantain balance in Europe and remain France a great power. -
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It was a revolution that took place during the wave of revolutions in Greece to become independent from the Ottoman Empire and Spain, Portugal and Italy to have constitutional monarchies. -
It took place in Cadiz and would make that the absolutist Government turned into a liberal one
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rafael_Riego.jpg?uselang=es#Licencia -
A series of revolutions in the years 1820, 1830 and 1848.
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Ferdinand VII request the intervention of the Holly Alliance that would put an end to the Liberal Triennium and started the Ominous Decade.
Picture: Episode of the French intervention in Spain by Hippolyte Lecomte: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Attaque_et_prise_des_retranchements_devant_La_Corogne_par_la_division_Bourke,_15_juillet_1823.jpg?uselang=en#Licensing -
Nationalist movement in Italy with the purpose of unify and liberate. -
It was a revolution that started in France due to the new dynasty: the House of Orleans. In Spain there the attemp of trying to introduce a liberal regime failed. Moreover, Greece and Belgium became independent. -
Movement created by Giuseppe Mazzini to work for a united, republican Italian nation.It played an important role in Risorgimiento. He spread nationalist ideas and led rebellion between 1848-1849. -
The first of three Civil Wars between Isabelinos (liberals) and Carlistas (absolutists) that strarted in 1833 and ended in 1840 with the peace "Abrazo".
Carlist War photo and information- https://www.spanishwars.net/19th-century-first-carlist-war.html -
Regency of Maria Cristina (+statute and Constitution) from 1833 to 1840 and regency of General Espartero from 1840 to 1843.
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German free trade. Custom Union. Austria is put aside. -
During her reign there were three stages (Moderate Decade, Progressive Biennium and Liberal Union/Final crisis). She created several constitutions, there were disentailments, the Liberal Union was created and there was limited male suffrage.
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Second of the three Civil Wars between Isabelinos and Carlistas. Lasted from 1846 to 1849.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -
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There were a series of simultaneous revolutions except in GB, including social and democratic demands. They narly always failed. However, governments introduced reforms. The process of unification of Germany and Italy started. -
He spread nationalist ideas and led a rebellion between 1848 and 1849
Picture: Giuseppe Mazziny by duncan1890 https://www.istockphoto.com/es/vector/giuseppe-mazzini-gm496819343-41675298 -
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This started by a troop leaded by O'Donell. This event put an end to the Moderate Decade and started the Progressive Biennium. -
The Kingdom of Italy is created with a liberal parliamentary monarchy. Victor Emmanuel II and Giuseppe Garibaldi become allies. -
It was signed between the progressist and the democrat parties leaded by Juan Prim to remove Isabel's II monarchy. Later, the liberal union tokk a part on it and it was the begginig of La Gloriosa. -
War in Cuba and movements towards autonomy between 1868 and 1878 -
It was an uprising that took place in Spain due to the excessive governments conservatism and authoritarianism and an economic crisis.
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Government with Serrano as Head of the State.
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It was an upruising that took place in Cadiz and was led by Juan Prim and Francisco Serrano. It provoked Isabella's II exile. -
Rome becomes the capital. The Pope is imprisoned in the Vatican. Italy becomes a liberal parliamentary monarchy and the process is fulfilled. -
Appointed by the Parliament. His Prime Minister, Prim was assasinated. The situation was too much for him so he abdicated. This led to the First Republic.
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The third of these Civil wars. It lasted from 1872 to 1876.
Drawing "Battle of Treviño", by Francisco Oller: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Trevi%C3%B1o.jpg?uselang=en#Licensing -
After Amadeo's I reign and his abdication, there is a republic. However, it only lasts for 2 years and it was affected by the dictatorship of Serrano, the independence of Cuba, the Third Carlist War and some other inner problems.
