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King Charles VII of France invaded Italy, causing a series of wars in which France and Spain fought for the control of the Italian peninsula. The Italian wars officially ended in 1559. -
Martin Luther posted a series of statements attacking the church for selling indulgences, on the door of the castle church in Wittenburg, and invited other scholars to debate him. -
Due to the high taxes, lack of power, and reformation preachers,tens of thousands of German peasants stormed castles and monasteries, a rebellion known as the Peasants’ War.
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Henry’s break with the pope was completed when Parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy. This called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England’s Church. -
This book stated Calvin's ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. It also states his belief in predestination, in which God choses very few people to be saved, and that humans cannot earn salvation, it is given. -
The pope created a religious order for Ignatious of Loyola's followers, called the Society of Jesus. Members were known as the Jesuits. -
To fight Protestantism, the Catholic Church established a Church court called the Roman Inquisition.The purpose of the Inquisition was to impose religious uniformity, especially on converted Jews and Muslims, and eventually on Protestants.
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1545-1563, at the Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines stating rules about the church beliefs.
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The Peace of Augsburg was an agreement that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. -
Elizabeth was determined to return the kingdom to protestantism. In 1559, Parliament followed Elizabeth's wishes and created the Anglican Church, with Elizabeth as its head. -
Protestant nobles led by Knox made Calvinism Scotland’s official religion
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At dawn, Catholic mobs began hunting for Protestants and murdering them. The massacres spread to other cities and lasted six months.
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King Henry’s Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants.
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