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-Southern group
-Semi farmers(semi-sedentary so they stay in the same place for 10-15 years)
-Agriculture = main source of food
-Good fighters because they knew where everybody was
-live in long houses
-matriarch -
-Nothern group
-Nomadic hunters (follow the animals)
-Bring meat down to south
-Not much of a warrior society
-Equality and no possetion (native in general)
-Them vs Iroquois Farmers in the Lowlands
-Patriarch -
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-the impact of natural and migratory movements on the formation of the population of the north-east America in 1500
-migration by the Bering Strait
-natural increase in population -
-find a route to Asia
-bring back gold and other riches
-claim land for the king of France -
explored and mapped the Gulf of St-Lawrence, reported what he thought was gold but lots of fish, timber and furs
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Sailed up the St-Lawrence, reached Stadacona (Quebec). Nice natives showed Europeans how to survive winter and scurvy. They return with native captives
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Attempted to set up a colony (not successful) Missionaries attempted to convert natives. France lost interest for 60 yrs
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-to establish a settlement in Nova Scotia called Port Royal
-Port Royale failed because of it's position (too far from Natives) -
-evolution of the organization and settlement of the territory around 1500
-Jacques Cartier
-Samuel De Champlain
-fur trade = growth of New France
-Seigneurial Regime
-Jean Talon -
to establish a trading post near Stadacona (Quebec), a pointwhere the river narrows, which would be called New France (Quebec City)
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The king would grant pieces of land to rich French men (Seigneurs or Lords). They would hav to develop the land and recieve rent from the peasants (censitaire) who lived on it. Both the Seigneur and the Censitaire had responsibilities to each other.
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In 1642, a third settlement was founded named Ville-Marie. The purpose of this settlement was to evangelize the Amerindians but it became a major trading post because it was located in the heart of the Amerindian territory. In the 18th century, it was renamed Montreal.
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-Soldiers were offered free land
-engagés
-Minor criminals
-Filles du roi (quickly married to make babies - increase population)
-Payments were given to couples who married young
-Fathers of unmarried girls paid fines -
In 1701, Indians from 40 different nations, gathered in Montreal to negotiate a comprehensive peace among themselves and the French
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-Nobility/Elite (governor)
-Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (seighneurs)
-The Church/clergy
-Peasants/Habitant (centitaries)
-Slaves -
Ended in 1867. There were many policies to promote immigration. The immigrants consisted of Loyalists and Americans
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The territorial concessions were finally given to the British and The French had lost the territory. All the people on the territory had become British subjects.
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The British (wealthy buisness men) came to take over New France
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36 000 loyalists came to Canada (most settled in Maritimes) and 6 000 loyalists came to Quebec (most settled in West of Montreal). The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase of 1 to 10 percent. They settled in Townships and gave their settlements English names.
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In 1815, there was a lot of Irish immigration due to the Irish Potato Famine and the cholera epidemic(quarentine station at Grosse-Ile). The Irish were accepted in Quebec because they we're catholic but also hated in Quebec because they took the jobs away.
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Black slaves lived in the British regions of Canada in the 17th and 18th century. Slavery was legal in Canada until the British Parliament Slavery Abolishment Act in 1834.
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-first conference in Charlottetown and the second one in Quebec
-Became the Dominion of Canada : Quebec, Ontatio, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
-Canada became a federation with a strong central government and a provincial government -
Sharing with federal-provincial powers with regard to the immigration matters under the BNA. There began increase of the urban population.
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Overpopulation in the country so the people on the farm moved to the city and moved to Vermont, New Hampshire or out west when the city gets too gross.
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A new law was created for the Amerindians. Natives claims relatied to the exploitation of natural ressources
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-From 1885-1900:
-factories
-Producing finished products like making shoes or jackets or pots and pans. -
1900-1915: instead of using industrial ressoures to create the producsts, they use natural ressources
-brain drain -
Until the end of the 2nd World War, there were discriminatory immigration policies and since 1945, there has been a diversification of the population
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In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation. The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand off finally came to an end with out armed conflict, however issues remained.
