-
After a turbulent period during the French Revolution, Napoleon staged a coup d'état in 1799, ending the Directory and establishing the Consulate. This event marked his rise to power as First Consul, effectively consolidating his control over France. -
Known as the "Battle of the Three Emperors", Austerlitz was one of Napoleon's most notable victories. He defeated the combined forces of Russia and Austria, cementing his position as a military leader and brilliant strategist. -
The Russian campaign was a turning point in Napoleon's career. Although he managed to occupy Moscow, the brutality of the Russian winter and the scorched earth tactics employed by the Russians led to the retreat of the Grand French Army, causing enormous casualties and severely weakening their military power. -
After defeat at the Battle of Leipzig and the invasion of France by Allied forces, Napoleon abdicated in 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba, where he was granted limited sovereignty and allowed to maintain a small army. -
Escaping from Elba in 1815, Napoleon returned to France and quickly resumed power during the "Hundred Days." However, his attempted restoration ended in decisive defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, leading to his second abdication. -
After his second abdication, he was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. He spent his last years in this exile, where he died on May 5, 1821. The exact cause of his death remains a topic of debate and historical speculation.