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The regimen Sanitatis was widespread
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1250 AD- 1500 AD
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Court records show that William Le Palmer collapsed due to too much bleeding, a common treatment for disease in the 13th Century and the medieval period in general.
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Edward I touched 2000 people a year, as it was believed the King's touch cured disease, like Scrofula, because the King is divinely appointed.
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The Black Death arrives in England and 25 million people die (1/3 of Europe's population).
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Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press, allows him to print 180 books in 3 years.
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An estimated 1,100 hospitals in England
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1500-1700
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Henry VII opens his famous hospital the Savoy. It had enough beds to give each patient their own bed, a change form the past when patients usually shared beds.
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Paraceleus theorised that disease was caused by problems with 'chemicals' inside the body.
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The dissolution of the monasteries in England, meant most of the hospitals (commonly based in monasteries or abbeys) ,were shut down.
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Versalius published: 'On the fabric of the human body' ,disproving Galen 300 times and including diagrams.
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Paré published his books on treating illness in French not Latin (accessible to all) detailing the use of turpentine, egg yolk and rosewater, preventing the infection of bullet wounds , and using ligatures to prevent bleeding after amputation.
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Fracastoro theorised that disease was caused by seeds in the air in his text 'On contagion'.
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Harvey published 'De motu Cordis' proving blood is carried from the heart by the arteries and returned by the veins, disproving Galen, who thought blood was produced in the liver.
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Van Helmont claims digestion occurs because of stomach acid, nothing to do with the 4 humours.
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Van Leeuwenhoek invents the microscope with 200x magnification
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The Royal Society meets in London for the first time, and starts to publish the first Scientific journal: 'philosophical transactions'
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The Great Plague arrives in London and kills 69,000 people in London, within the year.
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Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia- the first book in English to show observations under a microscope, after he improved the microscope.
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Thomas Sydenham published 'observations Medicae' and becomes known as the English Hippocrates for his beliefs in Scientific causes over supernatural and the concept that multiple symptoms could be caused by 1 disease.
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Van Leeuwenhoek discovers animalcules in plaque.
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Lady Montague gives her children small pox inoculations after seeing them done in the Ottoman Empire.
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Edward Jenner discovers the smallpox vaccine, after giving James Phipps cowpox, to test his theory, he published his discovery in1798.
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Humphrey Davy discovers nitrous-oxide (laughing gas) is a pain killer.
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100,000 people inoculated against smallpox
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Spontaneous generation is considered the cause of disease
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The Royal Jennerian Society forms, after the Royal Society refuses to support Jenner's discovery, in an attempt to eradicate smallpox by vaccination. Supported by the picne and princess of Wales.
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12,000 people vaccinated for smallpox in England, and Napoleon has his whole army vaccinated.
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Government agrees to provide children with vaccines with taxpayers money.
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William Clarke uses ether as an anaesthetic.
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Dentist Horace Wells uses nitrous oxide (laughing gas) as an anaesthetic, becomes common in dentistry.
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Ignaz Semmelweiss order his students to wash their hands before surgery.
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First public Health Act in Britain: Local Authourities could make improvements, and could borrow money to make improvements but it was not mandatory.
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United Kingdom Vaccination: Made it mandatory to vaccinate all babies form smallpox before the age of one. By 1860 2/3 of babies were vaccinated.
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The Crimean War: Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole revolutionise nursing, turning it into a respected profession. Florence Nightingale ,made people clean up wards, and nurses provide the soldiers with clean bedding and good metals. Mortality rates dropped from 40% to 2% within 6 weeks.
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John Snow proves the link between the Broad Street pump and the spread of Cholera with the Ghost Map.
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Queen Victoria publicly advocates the use of Chloroform, after using it with her 8th child in 1857 and earlier in 1853. Her anaesthetist was John Snow.
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Joseph Bazalgette designed sewer pipes in London after the Great Stink. He designed them to cope with a huge population (even functions today with over 9 million users)
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Nightingale publishes 'Notes on Nursing' improving Healthcare in hospitals.
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Germ Theory developed by Louis Pasteur whilst the was working on a method to keep wine fresh- changing the whole understanding of how illness is caused.
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Lister uses Carbolic Acid in surgeries for the first time
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Lister begins to use Carbolic Acid Spray during surgery to fight infection reduces the casualty rate of his operations from 46% patients dying to 15% of patients dying.
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Changes made by the first public health act are made compulsory, major requirement is that sewers must be moved away form housing and houses must be a certain distance apart;
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Robert Koch discovers the Bacteria that causes Anthrax
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Public Health Improvements in the UK, the government introduced new laws against the pollution of rivers, the sale of poor quality food and new buildign regulation were enforced.
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Pasteur began working on creating vaccine
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Von Basch invents blood pressure monitors.
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Robert Koch establishes a new method of straining bacteria, using Koch's method the causes of many diseases were identified.
-1880 Typhus
-1882 Tuberculosis
-1883 Cholera
-1884 Tetanus
-1886 Tetanus
-1887 Pneumonia
-1887 Meningitis
-1894 Dysentry -
William Rotengen discovers X-Rays
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The Royal Army Medical Corps is founded
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Karl Landsteiner discovers blood groups
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First Aid Nursing Yeomanry is founded
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Paul Erlich discovers the first magic bullet to treat Syphilis, with Hata, creating Salvarsan 606.
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National Insurance is introduced in Britain to provide medical care for workers.
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Anti-tetanus jabs are brought in but gangrene still kills
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Hill 60: Germany took control of a manmade Hill, the British tunnelled under the hill, placing 5 mines and blowing the top off.
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Western Front Medicine
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First British Death- John Parr (age 17)
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Geoffrey Keynes discovered a way to provide blood transfusions at Casualty Clearing Stations (portable kits) and prevents clotting.
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Lewison discovered adding Sodium Citrate allowed blood to be stored for 2 days.
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The Brody Helmet is introduced : Head injuries reduced by 80%, meaning head injuries only made up 20% of deaths.
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The first use of Chlorine Gas, by the Germans (kills 50,000 Brits)
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First use of Phosgene gas, kills quicker than Chlorine, responsible for 85% of gas deaths
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Introduction of the Thomas Splint brought deaths from broken legs down by 82% =, invented by Hugh Owen Thomas.
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Opening of the underground Hospital at Arras. It has 700 beds, a waiting room, operating room, rest spaces and a mortuary, all contained within 800m of underground tunnels.
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Germany's first use of Mustard Gas, it kills within 12 hours, much quicker than Phosgene.
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Marie Curie invents the portable X-Ray machine, 10 mini Curies on the Western Front.
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Blood Transfusions are being given at Casualty Clearing Stations.
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Oswald Robinson used 22 Litres of 26 day old blood to save 11 out of 20 Canadian Soldiers.
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By the end of WW1, 240,000 men had amputations.
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Alexander Fleming discovers Penicillin. The mould had grown on a penicillin that was accidentally left out. Fleming writes articles about Penicillin, but was unable to properly develop the mould into a drug.
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Discovery of the Second Magic Bullet by Gerhard Domagk, called Prontosil for blood poisoning.
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Florey and Chain work on producing Penicillin as a drug. They had to grow massive amounts of mould, in milk churns, bed pans and a bath tub. In 1941, the first human trial was Albert Alexander -who had staphylococcus and streptococcus and died- but was evidence Penicillin worked. The drug was the second most funded project by the USA in WW2. They fund it with around $800 million and every soldier landing on D-Day in1944 had penicillin as part of their medical kit.
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The Emergency Hospital Scheme begins, creating a state-run network of free hospital services organised by the ministry of health during WW2, giving central government control over voluntary and municipal hospital. By March 1941, 80% of hospitals were included in the scheme and around 430,000 beds.
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Chemotherapy is developed form mustard gas to cure cancer
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The national Immunisation against Diphtheria launched. By the end of 1942, 1/3 of all children under 15 were vaccinated in England and Wales and 1/2 in Scotland.
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William Beveridge publishes the Beveridge report. The report was the blueprint for the NHS. The Beveridge Report proposes a system of social insurance from 'Cradle to grave'.
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Selman Waksten discovered Streptomycin, an antibiotic to treat tuberculosis. The discovery won the 1952 Noble prize for physiology. Important discovery as Tuberculosis was a major killer, between 1851 and 1910, around 4 million died form TB in UK.
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Enough doses of Penicillin to treat all allied forces at D-Day , with 2.3 million doses administered.
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The National Health Service Act: provides a free and comprehensive health service. Aneurin Bevan convinces 90% of private doctors to enrol.
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First Day of the NHS. Hospital were nationalised Health centres were set up and doctors were more evenly distributed around the country, however the population and costs of NHS rapidly spiralled out of control. The £2 million put aside to pay for free spectacles over the first 9 months of the NHS went in 6 weeks, the Government had estimated costs would be £140 million a year by 1950, but by 1950 ,the NHS cost £358 million a year in 1950.
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Rosalind Franklin took 'Photograph 51', proving the double helix structure of DNA.
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First use of radiation in Hammersmith hospital
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Crick and Watson determine the structure of DNA (double helix), and creates a model (Published 25th April 1953) based on Franklin's 'Photograph 51' and X-Ray crystallography.
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The Clean Air Act is passed to improve air quality in the UK, a major problem in large cities. As shown in the 1952, The Great Smog in London, which killed around 4,000 people.
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The first Heart transplant occurred, in 2023 around 200 occur successfully annually in the UK and a total of 3,500 transplants occur worldwide.
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Immunotherapy begins to have success in treating cancer
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A record number of deaths to lung cancer is recorded: 26,000
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First lung transplant: 1979
2023: 200 successful lung transplants a year -
Increase in use of Keyhole surgery, using endoscopes and ultrasound scanning, allowed minimally invasive surgery.
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Government Campaigns to reduce smoking, binge drinking and unprotected sex.
-In 1990: 30% of adults smoke
-In 2003: 25% of adults smoke -
The Human Genome Project, by April 2003, 92% of the genome was mapped. The project cost $2.7 billion, and included researchers from across the globe:
-Allows genetic disease to be seen
-Allows research into cures -
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Bans ads for smoking on:
-Billboards
-Print media
-Direct mail
-Internet Advertising
The EU start to require large health warnings on packets, warning against:
-Addiction
-Heart Attack s
-Strokes
-etc. -
Government raises legal age to buy cigarettes to 18 form 16.
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From 2016 to 2018: There were 48,549 cases of lung cancer, 79% were avoidable .
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Partnership with UK Government and BioNTechSE to produce cancer vaccines, 10,000 people trial by 2030.
The HPV vaccine is a successful cancer vaccine which has been given since 2006 in the UK. -
-Only 13.3% of adults smoke in the UK, 6.6 million people
-Around 76,000 people a year die from smoking and associated illness.