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he snakeroot plant has traditionally been a tonic in the east to calm patients; it is now used in orthodox medical practice to reduce blood pressure. Doctors in ancient India gave an extract of foxglove to patients with legs swollen by dropsy, an excess of fluid resulting from a weak heart; digitalis, a constituent of foxglove, is now a standard stimulant for the heart.
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average life span was 20 years
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believed that illness and disease were caused by supernatural spirits and demons.
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Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies to drive out evil spirits.
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Herbs and plants used as medicines, and some are still used today.
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Trepanation or trephining (boring a hole in the skull) was used to treat insanity and epilepsy.
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Earliest people known to maintain accurate health records.
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OK believed in the need to cheat the whole body by treating the spirit and nursing the body.
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Began modern medical science by observing the human body and effects of disease.
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Again public health and sanitation systems. Average lifespan 25 to 35 years.
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early hospitals developed
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If channels became "clogged", bloodletting or leeches were used to "open" them.
Used magic medicinal plants to treat disease. -
Earliest people known to maintain accurate health records.
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Called upon the gods to heal them when disease occurred.
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Imnphotep ( 2635-2595? BC) may have been the first physician.
Believed the body was a system of channels for air, tears, blood, urine, sperm, and feces. -
life span was 20 years - 30 years
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Physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery in temple medical schools.
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Requited medication based mainly on the use of herbs.
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Use acupuncture, or puncture of the skin by need us to leave pain and congestion.
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Used moxibustion to treat disease
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Believed illness is a result of natural causes.Began the search for medical reasons for illness
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average life span is 20-30 years
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Hippocrates called the father of medicine.
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Average lifespan 25 to 35 years.
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Stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent disease
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Began modern medical science
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Emohasis was placed on saving the soul and the study of medicine was prohibited.
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First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
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Medicine in ancient Rome combined various techniques using different tools, methodology, and ingredients. Roman medicine was highly influenced by Greek medicine. Greek physicians including Dioscorides and Galen practiced medicine and recorded their discoveries in the Roman Empire. These two physicians had knowledge of hundreds of herbal, among other, medicines.
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Greek symbols and gods greatly influenced ancient Roman medicine. The caduceus, pictured right, was originally associated with Hermes, the Greek god of commerce.[10] He carried a staff wrapped with two snakes, known as the caduceus. This symbol later became associated with the Roman God, Mercury. Later, in the 7th century, the caduceus became associated with health and medicine due to its association with the Azoth, the alchemical "universal solvent"
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Prayer and divine intervention where used to treat illness and disease.
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Monks and priest provided custodial care for sick people.
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Medications were mainly herbal mixtures.
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average life span was 20 to 30 years
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Blood letting was a popular treatment for many diseases.
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Renewed interest in the medical practice of Greeks and Romans.
Physicians begin to obtain knowledge a medical universities in the ninth century. -
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A pandemic of the bubonic plague killed three quarters of the population of Europe and Asia.
Major diseases were smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis,typhoid, the plague, and malaria -
A Rab physicians use their knowledge of chemistry to advance pharmacology.
Rhazes became known as the Arab Hippocrates :
- Based diagnosis on observations of the signs and symptoms of disease.
- Developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles in 910 ad. -
-suggested blood was the cause of many infections diseases.
- began the use of animal for suture material -
Renewed interest in medical practice
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Arabs began requiring that physicians pass examination and obtain licenses
Avenzoar, a physician, describe the parasite causing scabies in the 12th century
Average lifespan was 20 to 35 years -
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Rebirth of science of medicine
Dissection of the body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy and psychology -
Artists Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci see use that section to drive the human body more realistically
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First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius
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First book on dietetics was written by Issac Judaeus
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First chairs of medicine created at Oxford and Cambridge in England in 1440
Development of the printing press allowed knowledge to be spread to others -
Michael Servetus
- Describe the circulatory system in the lungs
- Explained how digestion is a source of heat for the body
Roger Bacon
- Promoted chemical remedies to treat disease
- researched optics and refraction
Average lifespan was 30 to 40 years -
Causes of disease were still not known and many people died from infections and perpetual fever
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Ambrose Pare, a French surgeon, known as the father of modern surgery :
- establish the use ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding
- established use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds
- improve treatment of fractures and promoted use of artificial limbs -
William Harvey described the circulation of blood to and from the heart in 1628
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in 1666
First successful blood transfusion on animals performed in England in 1667 -
Bartholomew Eustachio identified the eustachian to leading from the ear to the throat
Scientific societies, such as the Royal Society of London, were established -
Apothecaries made, prescribed, and sold medications
Average lifespan was 35 to 45 years -
The Human Genome Project to identify all of the approximately 20k to 25k genes in the human DNA was completed in 2003. Stem cell researchers at University of Minnesota coaxed embryonic stem cells to produce cancer killing cells in 2005.
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average life span is around 70 years old
Cures for aids cancer and heart disease are found
Genetic manipulation to prevent inherited diseases is a common practice
Development of methods to slow the aging process I stop aging are created -
Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer in 1714
Joseph Priestley discovered the element oxygen in 1774
John hunter, an English surgeon :
- established scientific surgical procedures
- introduced tube feeding in 1778
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals for glasses
Dr. Jessee Bennet performed the first successful cesarean section operation to deliver an infant in 1794 -
James Lind,prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795
Edward Jenner developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796
Average lifespan was 40 to 50 years 19 Century
Royal College of surgeons founded in London in 1800hy
French barbers acted as surgeons by extracting teeth, using leeches for treatment, and giving enemas.
First Federal vaccination legislation enacted in 1813
First successful blood transfusion was performed on humans in 1818 by James Blundell -
Robert Koch, another individual who is also called the "Father of Microbiology," develop the culture plate method to identify pathogens and in 1882 isolated the bacteria that causes tuberculosis
Louis Pasteur contributed many discoveries to the practice of medicine including :
- proving that microorganisms cause disease
-Pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria
-creating a vaccine for rabies in 1885
Gregory Mindel established principles of heredity and dominant/recessive patterns -
The first kidney dialysis Machine was developed in 1944
Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine using dead polio virus in 1952
Francis crick and James Watson described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928
Buddy, a German Shepherd, became the first guy dog for the blind in 1928Adult stem cells were used in the treatment of disease early in the 2000s. -
