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In less than a century after the establishment of Islam came the Umayyad Conquest of Iberia. Lead by general Tariq ibn-Ziyad. Of which came the time period known as the Islamic Golden Age, which was on of innovation, art, and culture. With a collection of territories now known as Al-Andalus. (https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-five/chapter-one/the-spanish-umayyads)
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One survivor, Abd al-Rahman I, escaped to Spain where he re-built the capital of Cordoba, and established rule there. (https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-five/chapter-one/the-spanish-umayyads)
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Abd al-Rahman I (reigned 756–88) and established the emirate of Cordoba, founding the Umayyad dynasty of Spain. (https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-five/chapter-one/the-spanish-umayyads)
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Abd ar-Rahman III declares himself Caliph, initiating independence from the Abbasid Caliphate. This period in time is considered the height of Islamic culture and power in Al-Andalus. (https://www.visit-andalucia.com/independent-emirate-al-andalus/)
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Following civil wars, al-Andulus was fragmented into smaller kingdoms known as Taifas. (https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-five/chapter-one/the-spanish-umayyads)
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Alfonso VI of Castile captures Toledo This marks a significant Christian effort advance. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKsgOb8oe-4)
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WIth Muslin kingdoms weaker than ever the Almoravids came from Nothern Africa with forces to take back much of what is now Portugal and Spain from christian efforts. (https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/almoravids-al-murabitun-1040ce-1147ce/)
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When the last Almoravid king, Ishaq ibn Ali, was killed in Marrakesh by the Almohad Caliphate they replaced the Almoravids as the ruling dynasty in North Africa and al-Andalus. (https://www.visit-andalucia.com/almoravid-dynasty-al-andalus/)
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It was a series of actions taken by the Catholic Church to combat heresy in the Languedoc region of Southern France, particularly targeting the Cathars, a dualistic Christian movement considered heretical by the Church. (https://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/heresy-inquisition-and-society-southern-france-c-1150-1300)
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This marked a giant victory for Christian forces as it meant a massive weakening of muslim foroes in al-Andalus. (https://www.andalucia.com/spainsmoorishhistory/las-navas-de-tolosa.htm)
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Alfonso X of Castile, captures Seville, a crucial victory for the Christian Reconquista. (https://www.catholictextbookproject.com/post/seville-falls-to-the-arms-of-a-saint-november-23-1248)
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Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr, established the Nasrid dynasty in Granada, ruling until the fall of the city in 1492. Which took over the Almohads as the main ruling muslim dynasty. (https://www.archnet.org/collections/2367
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He was a Roman Catholic theologian in Medieval Spain and Inquisitor General of the Inquisition in the Crown of Aragon in the later half of the 14th century. He is best known for authoring the Directorium Inquisitorum, that mostly summarized previous texts and mores. (https://dbpedia.org/page/Nicholas_Eymerich)
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The massacres of 1391, which became known in Jewish history as the pogroms of 5151, marked the beginning of the end of the Golden Age of Spanish jewry. The bloody attacks against the Jews began in Seville. (https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/112389/jewish/The-Massacres-of-5151.htm)
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The Spanish Inquisition was founded in 1478 by Ferdinand and Isabella to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and was under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy. Pope Sixtus IV authorized the Spanish Inquisition at the request of Ferdinand and Isabella, the "Catholic Monarchs" of Spain (https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Spanish_Inquisition)
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An event in public where the sentences against people brought before the Spanish Inquisition were read and afterwards the religious authority executed them
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"Auto da fe" means "Act of Faith." The first Spanish auto-da-fe was held in 1481, when six men and six women, who refused to repent of alleged backsliding, were burned at the stake. (https://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/1201-1500/first-spanish-auto-da-fe-11629890.html)
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In exchange for their surrender and submission, the Moors received a list of rights from the pact, including religious tolerance and equitable treatment.
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The Treaty of Granada was signed and ratified in 1491 between Boabdil, the sultan of Granada, and Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Castile, León, and Aragon. This effectively completed the Christian reconquest of Spain. Marking the end of the last remaining muslim ruled territory. (https://www.vaguelyinteresting.co.uk/25-november-1491-the-treaty-of-granada-is-signed/)
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The Alhambra Decree, which was signed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, allowed Jews until the end of July to leave the nation or convert to Catholicism.
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The defeated Muḥammad XII sat in the throne room of the Alhambra where he handed over the keys of Granada, the last Muslim kingdom of Spain, to Castilian authority and the last Muslim dynasty of Al-Andalus came to an end. (https://www.archnet.org/collections/2367)
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King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain established the Alhambra Decree, also known as the Edict of Expulsion, which gave Jews little time to leave the country or convert to Catholicism. Some chose to convert and practice Judaism in secret, but many were found and executed. (https://mjhnyc.org/events/the-history-of-antisemitism-the-alhambra-decree/
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It outlined Luther's resistance to what he perceived as the abuse and corruption of the Roman Catholic Church by Catholic clergy who were selling unlimited indulgences
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Martin Luther nails his "Ninety-Five Theses" on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. The “95 Theses” were written in 1517 by a German priest and professor of theology named Martin Luther. It marked the beginning of the break away of the Catholic church and also being instrumental in the foundation of the Protestant Reformation. (https://www.gotquestions.org/95-theses.html)