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The Romans and Carthaginians signed the Ebro Treaty, having them split the Mediterranean. When the Carthaginians besieged Sagunto, the Romans declared war. After years of conflict, Rome had control of the peninsula. This conquest was implemented for three main reasons; to control of the western Mediterranean, to take advantage of the mines, and to conquer the entirety of Europe.Roman control ended with the Moors attack from North Africa.
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When the Romans refused to let the Goths settle in the empire, they split off into two groups and crossed the Danube. One group moved west, these were the Visigoths. They believed in a Christianity called Arianism, this is the belief that God the Father and the Son of God are two different beings, they kept this belief until the 6th century. Unlike the Romans, the Visigoths didn't have long legal texts, instead they held laws based on experience and what was commonly practiced at the time.
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In the year 370 the Huns started moving west. As the Huns moved westwards, they pushed many other Germanic and Gothic tribes, leading them to look to settle in the Roman Empire. In 433, Attila ruled the Huns. The Huns invaded Gaul in 451 and later invaded northern Italy.
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The Vandals were another Germanic group. They entered Gaul in 406, along with the Alans and Suebi. The Vandals continued south then crossed from Spain to Africa in 429. In the years 429 to 439, they conquered the North Africa provinces.
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In 710, Roderic became the king in spite of his predecessor's wish that his son, Akhila, be elected. Akhila fled to gather forces to take down Roderic. Tariq ibn Ziyad's forces killed King Roderic and his army in the battle of Guadalete, ending Visigothic rule in Spain. The kingdom under Visigothic rule had two main weak points, the tradition of Visigothic nobles challenging the King, and the increasingly strict religious policies that isolated the Jewish population.
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A battle fought near Clavijo between Christians, led by Ramiro I of Asturias, and Muslims, led by the Emir of Códoba. According to a legend, Santiago or St. James the Greater, appeared and assisted the Christian army in defeating the Muslim forces. Afterwards, his bones were buried and a church was built over them.
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Toledo was taken back by King Alfonso VI in 1085.
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Valencia at the time was under the rule of al-Qadir. Almoravid forces under ibn Yahhaf overthrew al-Qadir. This led El Cid to begin a siege of Valencia and continue fighting the Almoravids for the rest of his life. He becomes a mythical figure and Christian crusader against Muslim Spain.
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A battle between the Christian army of Castile and León under Alfonso VI and the Almoravids. This was a victorious battle for the Muslim forces,
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A battle that took place in Fraga, Aragon, Spain. This battle was between the forces of Aragon and Almoravid forces. King Alfonso I besieged or surrounded Fraga with armed forces so the Almoravids fought against them in response. This battle was also a victory for the Almoravids.
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A battle between Christian Portuguese forces and the Almoravids. Christian forces were greatly outnumbered and Muslim forces were weakened by internal leadership issues. This battle ended with Christians defeating the Almoravids and Afonso I's proclamation as king.
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Nicolas Eymeric was a Inquisitor. "Inquisitors existed to police the Christian faith. He was the author of the Directorium Inquisitorum. “the best-known manual for inquisitors through the sixteenth and into the seventeenth century.” He believed that Jews were a threat to Christianity and the Muslims could become one too
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Jews were killed because of hatred towards their religion and conversos were killed due to suspicion of practicing their previous religion
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The Pope authorizes the Spanish Inquisition because the monarchs threaten to pull back their armies support.
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The "auto de fe" were the executions of heretics
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The treaty of Granda stated that it would guarantee a set of rights for the moors, Muslims inhabitants, and would be tolerant of their religion and treat them fairly if they surrendered. It also granted native Jews the choice of converting or leaving within the next 3 years.
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The Decree ordered the expulsion of practicing Jews by July 31st of 1492. They wanted to limit Jews influence on newly converted Christians.
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Granada was the last Taifa kingdom to fall and they lose because of the military might of the union of Castile and Aragon. The war was 10 years from 1482-1492. They also lost form divisions on the inside.
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After Martin Luther nails his theses he translates the bible in language a lot more people could understand causing them to have their own interpretations like he did. Which in turn makes lots of religions that stem form Christianity.
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The Roman Inquisition operated indirectly in Naples because the Spanish monarchy would not let it operate openly, and as the feudal superior, they would not agree to a branch of the Spanish Inquisition there. The Catholic Church punished heretics and tried to get rid of Hersey.
Source: Oxford Bibliographies