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The founder of the Ottoman Empire begins his reign in 1299. Osman announced the independence of his own small kingdom from the Seljuk Turks in 1299. The westward drive of the Mongol invasions had pushed groups of Muslims toward Osman's Anatolian principality, a power base that Osman was quick to consolidate. As the Byzantine Empire declined, the Ottoman Empire rose to take its place.
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The Rise and Fall of the Ottoman EmpireThe span of the one of the largest and longest lasting Empires in history.
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The fall of Gallipoli to the Ottomans occurred in March 1354. Gallipoli was to become the major bridgehead into Europe through which the Ottomans would facilitate further expansion into Europe.
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Mehmed II (the Conqueror) captures Constantinople, The Byzantine emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting, and the Byzantine Empire of the Romans yields once and for all to the Ottoman Empire.
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The Safavid Empire was based in what is today Iran. This Islamic Empire was strong enough to challenge the Ottomans in the west and the Mughals in the east.
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Isma’il creates the Safavid Empire.
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Babur captures Kabul, making it and eastern Afghanistan the first possession of the Mughal empire
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Safavid DynastyThe Ottoman Turks and Safavids fought over the fertile plains of Iraq for more than 150 years. The capture of Baghdad by Ismail I in 1509 was only followed by its loss to the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I in 1534. After subsequent campaigns, the Safavids recaptured Baghdad in 1623 yet lost it again to Murad IV in 1638.
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The Battle of Chaldiran was the military engagement in which the Ottomans won a decisive victory over the Ṣafavids of Iran and went on to gain control of eastern Anatolia.
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History of Suleyman the Magnificent He was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566.
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The Mughal Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries. It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith.
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Victory at Khanua, over a Hindu confederation of Rajput rulers, brings Babur a tenuous control over most of northwest India
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Humayun dies and Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors, inherits the throne at the age of thirteen
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Abbas came to the throne during a troubled time for Iran. Under his weak-willed father, the country was riven with discord between the different factions of the Qizilbash army, who killed Abbas' mother and elder brother. Meanwhile, Iran's enemies, the Ottoman Empire and the Uzbeks, exploited this political chaos to seize territory for themselves.
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On the death of Akbar, his son Jahangir succeeds to the Mughal throne
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Terms of Treaty:
The Ottoman Empire agreed to return all territory gained by the treaty of Istanbul of 1590.
The border line became the line drawn in the treaty of Amasya in 1555.
In turn Persia agreed to pay an annual tribute of 200 loads of silk.
The route of Persian pligrams to Haj was changed (over Syria instead of Iraq). -
History of the Taj MahalIt was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage." Taj Mahal is regarded by many as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Islamic, Persian, Ottoman Turkish and Indian architectural styles.
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The Sultanate of Women was the near 130-year period during the 16th and 17th centuries when the women of the Imperial Harem of the Ottoman Empire exerted extraordinary political influence. Many of the Sultans during this time were minors and it was their mothers, leaders of the Harem, who effectively ruled the Empire. Most of these women were of slave origin, due to the need for the House of Osman to maintain its prestige.
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The death of Abbas II led to the decline of the Safavid Dynasty, Despite falling revenues and military threats, later shahs had lavish lifestyles.
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The death of Aurangzeb introduces the long period of decline of the Mughal empire
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In 1726, Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha, the Grand Mufti, and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press, and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III the permission to publish non-religious books (despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders).Muteferrika's press published its first book in 1729, and, by 1743, issued 17 works in 23 volumes, each having between 500 and 1,000 copies.
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Nader rose to power during a period of anarchy in Iran after a rebellion by the Hotaki Afghans had overthrown the weak Persian Shah Sultan Husayn, and both the Ottomans and the Russians had seized Persian territory for themselves. Nader reunited the Persian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for over 200 years, and become shah himself in 1736.
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The Mughal EmpireThe last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, is deposed by the British and exiled to Rangoon, in Burma
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Ottomans in World War IThe Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers to form the Triple Alliance with the signing of the August 1914 Turco-German Alliance. Turkey formally entered World War I on October 28, 1914, with the bombing of Russian Black Sea ports. The Triple Entente, or Allied Powers, declared war on the Ottoman Empire on November 4.
