-
Muhammad was born in Mecca. He was born to a merchant family. After being orphaned at age 6, he went to live with his uncle. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CBuH9qTCF6Q/T4bZyQRcKAI/AAAAAAAAAhI/ec5FX6IlOlQ/s1600/Prophet+Muhammad+PBUH.jpg
-
Before he began to preach his message from God, he would go to a cave near his home to meditate. One time during his meditatioon outing, the angel Gabriel came to him. During this, Gabriel inspired him to preach the word of God. Out of his teachings, the Qur' an was created, the foundation of Islam. The Qur'an is an ethical gudebook, law code, and political theory. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XybNTLvZ8F8/UVNB2107XFI/AAAAAAAAFCE/KzHmr2VLRw0/s1600/Cave+Hira.jpg
-
During this time, he taught what he had been told and what he had learned to the people of Mecca and other areas.
-
After Muhammad's cave experience, he began to teach his message in Mecca. The Meccan government did not agree with his message so they exiled him and his followers and they fled to Yathrib. 2 years later after gaining more followers, he invaded Mecca and took over the city. This created the Muslim community.
-
After Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr became the first caliphate. During his reign (632-656), he cnquered the fertile crescent supported by jihad.
-
Many Islam followers did not want Bakr as the first caliph, they wanted Ali. After his death, Umar became caliph, whose reign ended in 656. His successor was killed and Ali became the caliph.Ali was later killed in 661 and the Syrian governor, Mu'awiya named himself caliph. Mu'awiya then made caliph hereditary. This was the start of the Umayyad caliphate (661-750)
-
During the Umayyad caliphate, several expansions occured. First, Muslims conquered the Berbers in North Africa. Second, the Muslim navy conquered several Mediterranean islands. Third, they entered southern Spain and took it over, creating Andalusia. Also, a failed attack on Constantinople was routed by "greek fire."
-
Muslims take southern Spain in 710 and then the entire Iberian peninsula. Here, the mosque in Cordoba is built, becoming one of the greatest mosques of the Muslims. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/art/hg/detail/hg_09eusi.jpg
-
The Umayyad downfall was due to a revolt by the conquered peoples. Many felt mistreated and that Arab Muslims were favorited. This led to the creation of the Shi'ites and Sunnis. Shi'ites being an un orthodox form of Islam. The eventual fall of the Umayyads was due to a rebllion led by Abu al-Abbas in 750. http://islamiccoins.ancients.info/umayyads/Umayyads.JPG
-
During this time, Baghdad became the capital city. Harun's golden age expanded their economy and control. Ended by Mongols.
-
The Turks came from central Asia and took Baghdad. They took control and the Turk leader was the sultan. However, Muslims were still able to be religious leaders. During this time, the Turks and Muslims expanded and put ever increasing pressure on the Byzantians. The Byzantians attacked the Turks and Muslims, but were defeated, thus starting the Crusades. http://boivieapedia.pbworks.com/w/page/8081142/f/seljuk%20turks.jpg
-
The Crusades began when the Byzantians lost a battle. They created the Crusades as a revenge and to take back their land. THe Crusades ended in 1291 when Muslim forces took the island and last stronghold of the Christians, Acre.
-
Saladin became sultan of Egypt and Syria and this created another economic boom and expanded Islam. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/fileadmin/historyLearningSite/Saladin.jpg http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/fileadmin/historyLearningSite/Saladin.jpg
-
Saladin takes Jerusalem from the Christians, weakening the Crusades and leading to the ending of the Crusades. http://www.world-guides.com/images/israel/israel_map.jpg
-
The end to the Muslim rule came to be due to mainly one man, Pope Innocent III. He ordered a new crusade that destroyed all Muslim strongholds in Spain, the last strongholds in Spain and the last few cultural hubs of Islam.
http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg -
The Mogols invaded Baghdad and completely destroyed it. Burning most of the knowledge too. The Mongols were not Islamic and were cruel to the Muslims. Eventually, they converted to Islam. Around the coming of the fourteenth century, the Mogol control broke up. Now the Islamic center was in Cairo. http://www.iraqiembassy.us/sites/default/files/photos/history_timeline_photo_09_1.JPG
-
Duiker, William J., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. The Essential World History. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. "Timeline of Islam." - ReligionFacts. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2014. http://arts.muohio.edu/faculty/benson/Michelangelo%20Site/TOC-Works%20Cited.jpg
-
Harun was considered to be the golden ruler of the Abassid reign. During he and his son's reigns, the Muslim world experienced an explosion of control and resources. They now controlled parts of the old Roman empire. They also expanded their markets and trade. This created an economic boom. This wonderful reign ended with a civil war over succession. Corruption was also a degrading force.
