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Christian forces had been fighting to reconquer Spain, and seized the final Muslim stronghold.
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For centuries after the battle of Tours, Christian forces fought to reconquer Spain. Only in 1492 did they seize the last Muslim Stronghold. In the meantime, Spain flourished as a center of Muslim civilization.
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Ottomans began their meteoric rise in the early 1300's they were small band of warriors at the edge of the Muslim world.
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The Mongol destruction of Baghdad in 1258, the Abbasid caliphs had lived in Cairo, under the protection of the Mamluk Sultanate, although the title itself had no power, and the caliphate was just a ceremonial position.
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Invasion of Egypt by the Crusaders. They take Damietta and head for Cairo, but the sultan al-Kamil, son of al-Adil, finally repels them.
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The year of Islamic victory.Ê Saladin crushes the Crusaders armies at Hittin, near Lake Tiberias. He reconquers Jerusalem and the greater part of the Crusaders territories. The Crusaders now hold only Tyre, Tripoli and Antioch. The Muslim general Saladin ousted Christians from Jerusalem.
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A Seljuk sultan controlled Baghdad, but he left the Abbassid caliph as a figurehead.
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The Fatimids of Egypt conquered north Africa and included the territory as an extension of Egypt until 972.
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The Acropolis of Zimbabwe was built in Rhodesia. Perfectus, a Christian priest in Muslim Cordova, is executed after he refuses to retract numerous insults he made about the Prophet Muhammed. Numerous other priests, monks, and laity would follow as Christians became caught up in a zest for martyrdo
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After the death of Ali, the Umayyad (oh Miad) family set up a dynasty that ruled the Islamic world until 750. From their capitol at Damascus in Syria, they directed the Spectacular conquests that carried Islam from the Atlantic to the Indus valley.
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They were defeated at the battle of tours. (Lands conqured by Muslims under Umayyad Caliphs.)
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Muslims enter Spain. Muslim crossed the strait of Gibraltar into Spain and pushed north into France.
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Ali became the fourth caliph, but was assassinated in 611 in a struggle for leadership. (Later his son was killed to.)
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Muslim lands at death of Muhammad. (Lands conquered by Muslims under first four caliphs)
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Pope Urban II opens the Council of Clermont where ambassadors from the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus, asking help against the Muslims, were warmly received.
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In the only fully coordinated operation of the First Crusade, Godfrey's forces succeed in scaling the walls of Jerusalem (near Herod's Gate) through the effective use of a massive siege tower and ladders.ÊÊ Once in the city, the Crusaders massacre the garrison of Fatimid Moslems and a large percentage of the Moslem and Jewish population.Ê Godfrey was elected Guardian of Jerusalem.
