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A Christian chief under Spain's tyrant ruler, Roderick, went to the Muslim governor of North Africa to complain about the tyranny of King Roderick. The governor, Mūsa Ibn Nusayr, sent an army of 12,000 to battle and win against over 100,000 troops.
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Spain was fully conquered and Muslims (or Moors) occupied nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula with little opposition.
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Amid dissension among Syrian and Madinite tribes and Shi'a and Sunni, Umayyid prince 'Abd al-Rahmān al-Dākhil ("the entrant) snuck into Spain and began his rule. The golden era of Muslim rule begins.
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Hishām Ibn 'Ad al-Rahmān succeeded his father 'Abd al-Rahmān al-Dākhil in 788. Southern France was invaded and recaptured and learning Arabic became mandatory to not only communicate but to reap the benefits of science and other learning.
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The end of the Amr dynasty marked the beginnings of anarchy and the fall of the Muslim rule in Spain.
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There was a division of Muslim rule into many states and the rulers were prone to spending large amounts of money on grand performances. Trying to out-do one another, they fought against each other more than trying to halt the threat of Christian power returning.
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Yūsuf Ibn Tāshfin was the ruler of Morocco and heard of the Christian uprising (brutality) of the Muslims. He crushed the uprising and reunited the fighting Muslim states while restoring their former wealth and glory.
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Muslim cities fell to infighting and Christian revolt as their Moroccan help began to lose power and the Almohads from North Africa came to help. Almohad (North African) rulers ruled for about 50 years before they began to lose power and had to retreat back across the Strait of Gibraltar. Only Granada remained in Muslim power in 1260.
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Yūsuf Ibn Tāshfin died in 1106 and the Muslim states became hostile to each other once again.
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Granada survives another two centuries more, slowly losing ground, and being politcally isolated. In the meantime, more culture and architecture was established and even flourished during this time while the city teetered on the brink of extinction.
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Christian king Ferdinand invaded Granada, the last standing stronghold of Muslims in Spain, with a united Christian army. The Muslims finally surrendered but an all-out genocide ensued.
