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(1350-1550) It was spawned by the birth of the philosophy of humanism and furthered the arts and led to advancements of new techniques and styles of art. The Renaissance started in the city-states of Italy but spread to Europe.
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(1450-1600) As European economies started to expand they wanted to start trading with Asia. Trading with Asia was difficult on land after the Muslim Conquest of Conatantinople. This caused them to look for a sea route to Asia.
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(16th century) The Price Revolution refers to the high rate of inflation that occured during the 16th century across Western Europe. It was thought that this high inflation was caused by the increase in gold and silver from the New World and Central Europe
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(1500-1599) The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation ended the unity imposed by medieval Christianity and, in the eyes of many historians, signaled the beginning of the modern era.
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October 31st, 1517 Martin Luther posts 95 Theses. Luther wrote the theses to express his concern of corruption within the church.
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April 1519 Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztec Empire and builds Mexico City.
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(1500-1700) The early modern period was characterized by human endeavors like the advancement of science, increase intechonology, and the making of politics, courts and the nation state.
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(1524-1650) A series of wars between the Protestant and Catholic Religions following the onset of the Protestant Reformation in Western and Northern Europe.
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1534 The English Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy under King Henry VIII. This act placed King Henry VIII Head of The Church of England.
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(1543-1687) The significance of this is that is revolutionized learning. There was an increase in skepticism aand rationalism. There was more literature available as well. Many great scientists such as Newton, Descartes, and Bacon rose out of this era. Also, women began to be recognized more as equals and were slowly allowed to study science along with the men.
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1545 The Council of Trent opens marking the beginning of Catholic Reformation
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(1550-1650) The significance of this was that it helped make Amsterdam the financial center of Europe. Also, the Dutch became the bankers of Europe with the Amsterdam Exchange Bank. It was also important because it established the Dutch fleet of 10,000 ships.
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(1550-1650) The significance of this is that it was a time of turmoil in Europe where there was poor climate, bad harvests, and a shortage of food. It was here that the Little Ice Age happened. It led to revolts and riots.
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(180-1680) This was significant because it led to the persecution of many old and widowed women. There was doubt and people were scared of all women. It was also important because it showed the persecution against women.
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April 13th, 1598 Henry IV of France signs Edict Nantes. He temporarily puts an end to French religious wars
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July 29th, 1588 Spain’s Armada naval vessel is sunk by English forces under the command of Sir Francis Duke and Lord Charles Howard
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(1600-1750) This was a form of Catholic Counter-Reformation method that reaffirmed art that should be employed to stimulate inner piety. Artists should try to have dramatic works of art that involved worshippers.
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(17th and 18th centuries) This reevolution led to new entreprenuers, industries, domestic systems, and joint'stock companies. Mercantilism also developed during this time and there was a rise in capitalism and the bourgeoisie.
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December 31st, 1600 Queen Elizabeth gants Royal Charter to East India Company hoping to break the Dutch monopoly of the spice trade
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(1603-1689) This was the period when fighting happened over in England. It was significant because it led to the Petition of Right and religious policies. There was also the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution. These were all important because they led to the Bill of Rights.
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1603-James VI of Scotland gained the throne of England when Queen Elizabeth died, becoming James I of England and founding the Stuart Era.
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(1643-1715) This was significant because during this time period Versailles was constructed, there was an increase in trade, and a revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Louis XIV became a very famous ruler because of how he ruled by absolutism.
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May 15th – October 24th, 1648 Peace of Westphalia was a series a treaties that ended the Thirties Years War between and the Eighties Years War
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January 30th, 1649 Charles I is sentenced to death by beheading for acts of treason
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(1650-1750) During this time, rulers said they had the authoritty from God to rule, and so they had absolute authority. This led to many famous rulers such as Louis XIV, ELizabeth I, and Catherine the Great.
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(1650-1763) These wars caused conflict between many countries over resources. They led to fights over trade and access to various places.
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(1650-1763) Prussia became a strong power will a well-equipped army. Under Frederick William I they gained an army of 80,000 pople and military life became very important.
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July 5th, 1687 Sir Isaac Newton publishes Principia Mathematica the book explains Isaac’s law of motion.
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1688 The Glorious Revolution was the overthrowing of King James II of England; May 7th, 1689 Peter the Great begins in Russia
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(1689-1815) Russia became an important military power in the future. It became a dominant power on the Baltic Sea.
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In 1694 England a country suffering from economic problems from war in foreign lands forms the Bank of England.
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(18th century) During thsi century, more classes of people rose. Instead of there being only the rich and poor, but now a middle class with bankers, merchants, artisans, etc...
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(18th century) This significance of the Enlightenment is that it brought new ideas and emphasized reason, nature and natural laws, happiness, social progress, liberty, and toleration. It led to famous philosophes such as Voltaire, diderot, and Montesquieu.
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(18th century) This revolution led to innovations in agriculture such as the open-field system, enclosed fields, continuous crop rotation, and use of manure as fertilizer. This gave a more abundant food supply to Europe.
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April 11th, 1713 Great Britain and Spain signed the Treaty of Utrecht which ended The War of Spanish Succession; September 1st, 1715 at the age of 76 his reign was the longest in the history of France.
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(1720-1760) Rococo Art depicted the light hearted scenes of nobles in their envirnment. They had light-colored pastels and had highly decorated interior ceilings. this art style showed the mindset of the day.
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December 16th, 1740 The War of Austrian Succession begins between European powers who fought for own personal interest
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(1750-1850) the significance of the Industrial Revolution is that there were many new inventiions that were created to make the textile industry more productive. This marked a shift from human and animal power to mechanical power.
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February 10th, 1763 Treaty of Paris Ends Years War between France, Great Britain, Portugal, and Spain
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July 4th, 1776 American colonies declare independence from English rule
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(1789-1848) A lot of conflict happened during this time period. The French Revolution, American Revolution, Revolutions in the Austrian Empire, and Revolution in Belgium showed the changing ideality of the people.
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July 14th, 1789 French Revolution begins by ideals of Enlightenment.
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(1790's-1914) Nationalism aided in bringing a nation together. Pride for a nation is a great way of getting things done. For example, fighting for a country or making changes in government
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(1790-1980's) The significance of this age of Feminism is that it led to many demands for the equality for women. Eventually, the feminist movement led to more women in science and at work. Also, eventually women were able to vote in European countries.
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(first half of the 19th century) Romanticism influenced art, religion, music, and philosophy. It also inspired a desire for freedom of thought, feeling, and action in the people..
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(1830's-1870's) The significance of this is that it led to a belief in natural rights and that governments must protect them. People also believed in a support of civil liberties including freedom of the press, assembly, and religion. It led to an opposition of full democracy and wanted laissez-faire.
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(1850-1875) the significance of unification and nation-building is that it created new countries. This idealogy created new cultural cohesiveness and led to a network state.
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(1850-1870's)This disenchanted with romanticism. It instead focused on the concerns of real people, meaning workers and peasants. It also led to criticism of the cruelty of industrial life.
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(1850-1914) The ignificance of the second industrial revolution is that there were new industries; new sources of power, such as electricity, oil, and gasoline; new forms of communication and transportation, such ass the telephone; and new industrial powers.
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The European Coal and Steel Community was established on April 18th, 1951. When Belgium, France West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Luxembourg signed the Treaty of Paris earlier that year.
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On January 30th, 1933 Adolf Hitler was named Chancellor by Paul Von Hindenburg. He was named Chancellor based on multiple long term factors – discontent of the German people, failing Weimar system and charismatic speeches.
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The Munich Agreement was held on September 30th, 1938 a settlement was reached by Germany, Italy, Great Britain and France that granted permission to Germany for the annexation of the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia.
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World War II began on September 1st, 1939 when Germany Invaded Poland. The Polish were allies with British and France. They threatened war if Hitler did not withdraw German troops by September 3, 1939.
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May 7th, 1945 Victory in Europe as Germany formally surrenders to the Allies. August 10th, 1945 Japan formally surrenders to the Allies ending Japanese influence in the War. On October 24th, 1945 The United Nations is formed In Lake Success, NY by 51 nations committed to international peace.
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April 4th, 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in Washington, D.C. by 12 nations The United States, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Iceland, Canada, and Portugal. It was a military alliance joint effort for self-defense from Soviet power.
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The leader of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin dies in Kuntsevo Dacha on March 5th, 1953.
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Nikita Khrushchev gave a speech that criticized Stalin for his actions during his era. Hearten Protesters in Hungary became violent in their protest
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On March 25th, 1957 Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed Treaty of Rome. Establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). October 4th, 1957 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik the world’s first artificial satellite.
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December 21st, 1958 Charles De Gaulle is elected the first president of the Fifth Republic by majority vote.
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August 13th, 1961 The Berlin Wall is constructed separating Democratic West Germany from Communist East Germany
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In October 1962 The United States and The Soviet Union had a 13 day confrontation over Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba.
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October 11th 1962 The Second Vatican Council opens. It was the twenty-first It was the twenty-first ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.
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May 3rd, 1968 Students of The University of Paris protested because of Frances outdated university system. Students urged for education Reform
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August 1st, 1975 thirty-five nations signed The Final Helsinki Act to improve communist bloc and the west’s relations
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John Paul II was elected Pope on October 16th, 1978.
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Soviet forces invades Afghanistan December 24th, 1979
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Solidarity is a polish trade union founded September 17th, 1980
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Mikhail Gorbachev became the last president of the Soviet Union in 1985
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March 9th, 1989 Revolutions begin in Europe to end communism; October 18th, 1989 The Berlin Wall is torn down.
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December 1991 The Soviet Union is disbanded and divided into fifteen nations.
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On January 1st, 1999 Eleven European countries replaced their nation currency with the Euro. It was introduced as a resolution for exchanging currency and most importantly it would remain in European trade.
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September 11th, 2001 19 militants of the terrorist group Al Qaeda executed an attack on The United States. The terrorist hijacked four planes in the attack. The first two planes crashed into the World Trade Center New York, a third plane crashing into the Pentagon just outside of Washington, D.C. and the fourth crashed in a field in Pennsylvania
