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The East India Company was initially created in 1600 to serve as a trading body for English merchants, specifically to participate in the East Indian spice trade. It later added such items as cotton, silk, indigo, saltpeter, tea, and opium to its wares and also participated in the slave trade.
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Although initially disregarded by the great powers of Europe, the Monroe Doctrine became a mainstay of U.S. foreign policy. In 1823 U.S. President James Monroe proclaimed the U.S. protector of the Western Hemisphere by forbidding European powers from colonizing additional territories in the Americas.
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The great trek was a movement of Dutch colonists that went to the southern part of Africa to establish independent British rule.
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The first opium war was a series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty of China. The immediate issue was the Chinese official seizure of opium stocks at Canton to stop the banned opium trade and threatening the death penalty for future offenders. The British navy defeated the Chinese using technologically superior ships and weapons, and the British then imposed a treaty that granted the territory to Britain and opened trade with China.
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Treaty of Nanjing treaty that ended the first Opium War, the first of the unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers. China paid the British an indemnity, ceded the territory of Hong Kong, and agreed to establish a “fair and reasonable” tariff.
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David Livingstone was a missionary who wanted to bring Christianity, civilization, and commerce to Africa. He accomplished three expeditions throughout his time there.
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Matthew C. Perry in Japan led his four ships into the harbor at Tokyo Bay, seeking to re-establish for the first time in over 200 years regular trade and discourse between Japan and the western world.
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Japan's first treaty with a Western nation. Concluded by representatives of the United States and Japan at Kanagawa. It marked the end of Japan's period of seclusion.
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The second opium war was a war pitting the British Empire and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China that lasted from 1856 to 1860. It was the second major war in the Opium Wars, fought over issues relating to the exportation of opium to China, and resulted in a second defeat for the Qing dynasty. The agreements of the Convention of Peking led to the ceding of the Kowloon Peninsula as part of Hong Kong.
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Sepoy Rebellion was the first war of independence the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian and British Empire history. It led to the dissolution of the East India Company and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India, through the passage of the Government of India Act 1858.
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The British government took possession of the company's assets and imposed direct rule. The raj was intended to increase Indian participation in governance, but the powerlessness of Indians to determine their own future without the consent of the British led to an increasingly adamant national independence movement.
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The Suez Canal is a man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea. It enables a more direct route for shipping between Europe and Asia, effectively allowing for passage from the North Atlantic to the Indian Ocean without having to circumnavigate the African continent.
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Benjamin Disraeli had Queen Victoria proclaimed as Empress of India. India was already under crown control after 1858, but this title was a gesture to link the monarchy with the empire further and bind India more closely to Britain.
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The Boer Wars were significant in defining modern South Africa. The peace treaty brought the British and Boers together in an uneasy alliance, allowing the formation of a unified South Africa.
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Considered one of the wonders of the modern world, the Panama Canal opened for business 100 years ago this Friday, linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and providing a new route for international trade and military transport.
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The Indian national congress was formed as the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement.
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The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. It called for the protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.
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The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government. A Chinese secret society known as the Boxers embarked on a violent campaign to drive all foreigners from China. Several countries sent troops to halt the attacks.
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The Roosevelt Corollary of December 1904 stated that the United States would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors, and did not violate the rights of the United States or invite “foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations
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Revolution od 1911 was a group of revolutionaries in southern china led a successful revolt against the Qing Dynasty, establishing in its place the Republic of China and ending the imperial system.
