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Jan 1, 1348
Black Death
1348-1351
The Black Death was a catastrophic pandemic in Europe that killed millions. The Black Death did not only caue physical pain, it also caused people to question their religion. -
Jan 1, 1350
Renaissance
1350-1550
The revitalization of Classical ideals and Greco-Roman civilization. -
Jan 1, 1415
Council of Constance burns Hus and ends Great Schism
1415-1417
The Council was important because they were able to end a divide in Europe. -
Jan 1, 1450
Exploration
1450-1600
A time period where Europeans traveled the world to find spices, trading routes, and expand their knowledge about the world. -
Jan 1, 1453
Fall of Constantinople; end of Hundred Years' War
The end of the Hundred Years' war put France at the height of its power. The Fall of Constantinople made the Ottoman Empire more of a threat to Europe. -
Jan 1, 1455
Invention of Printing Press
The Printing Press was the ideal invention because it allowed for ideas to spread faster, such as Martin Luther's 95 theses. -
Jan 1, 1492
Columbus encounters America; completion of reconquista in Spain
The discovery of the Americas leads to the destruction of most of the native american people. Along with the killing off of the native american race, countires also brought new food and animals. The reconquista in Spain removed all muslims from Spain or converted them to Christianity. -
Jan 1, 1500
Early Modern Society
1500-1700
A period of time where the European's vision shifted from a religious point of view to a scientific point of view. -
Jan 1, 1500
Price Revolution
Sixteenth Century
The high rate of inflation that affected Europe due to things such as the high amount of gold and silver in production and the high prices of certain items due to the Black Death. -
Jan 1, 1517
Luther posts 95 theses
The theses had a great effect on people's religions and it also went against the chuch, causing riots and revolts. -
Oct 31, 1517
Protestant and Catholic Reformations
Sixteenth Century
A great divide in Western Christianity that led to the creation of new religions such as Luterhanism and Anglicanism, The reformation is said to have been sparked by The Ninety-Five Theses, which was written by Martin Luther. -
Jan 1, 1519
Cortes conquers Aztecs
The conquering of the Aztecs virtually leads to the wiping out of all aztecs and desecration of their artifacts. -
Jan 1, 1524
Religious Wars
1520's-1650
A series of wars sparked in Europe that were impacted by the effects of the Protestant and Catholic reformations. -
Jan 1, 1534
Act of Supremacy in England creates Anglican Church
The creation of the Anglican church further confused people as to what religion they should be a part of. It also created conflict between the head of England and the Pope due to conflicting religions. -
Jan 1, 1536
Calvin establishes reformed faith in Geneva
The establishment of religion in Geneva allowed it to spread fast, making it become another important religion in Europe. -
Jan 1, 1543
Scientific Revolution
1543-1687
The emergence of modern science that brought about advances in many different aspects. -
Jan 1, 1543
Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory
This changed the original geocentric theory, claming that Earth was the center of the universe, which caused tension in Europe. The church fekt this was an act against the Bible and the church. -
Jan 1, 1545
Council of Trent opens
The Council of Trent was able to reform the Catcholic church. It also saved the papcy. -
Jan 1, 1550
Dutch Commercial Dominance
1550-1650
This period of time helped establish Amsterdam as the financial center of Europe and it helped the Dutch become the bankers of Europe. -
Jan 1, 1550
Age of Crisis
1550-1650
A time characterized by poor climate due to the little ice age, bad harvests, and food shortages. -
Jan 1, 1555
Peace of Augsburg ends religious war in Germany, Charles V abdicates
The Peace of Augsburg allowed rulers to choose the religion of their region, however they usually did not go based off of what the majority of people's religions were in the region. -
Jan 1, 1580
Witchcraft Scare
1580-1680
Witchcraft had grown to be a sinister event when the medieval church started to link acts of the devil to witchcraft, changing the view of witchcraft as a common practice to heresy. -
Defeat Spanish Armada
The English became more encouraged to accomplish things, plus they became a major power in the sea. -
Edict of Nantes ends French religious wars
First time two religions could coexist due to religious toleration. -
Baroque Art
1600-1750
A period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and detail to produce drama and grandeur. -
Dutch East India Company founded
Helped overcome portugese and gain control of spice trade. -
Commercial Revolution
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
The Commercial Revolution led to the creation of Mercantilism, which would be dominant in Europe through the 17th and 18th centuries. The Commercial Revolution also led to entrepreneurs, joint-stock companies, and domestic systems. -
Stuart monarchy begins in England
The monrachy believed they had authority from God to rule (absolutism). This caused the Glorious Revolution and the English Civil War. -
Conflict Between Parliament and King of England
1603-1689
A time where riots and revolts broke out in England due to disagreements between Charles I and the Parliament. These 'disagreements' caused the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution. -
Age of Louis XIV
!643-1715
The Sun King, a.k.a. Louis XIV, was one of the most famous rulers of France due to his use of absolutism. Durin his reign, France was at the height of his power. However, his actions led to France's downfall, such as the use of millions of dollars to build the palace of Versailles. -
Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War
The treaty ended up making Calvinism an allowable faith and also recognized the independent authority of German states. -
Charles I executed in England
Led to English Civil War and benefited Oliver Cromwell. -
Absolutism
1650-1750
During this time period, many rulers said they had an authority from God to rule. This led to rulers such as Elizabeth I and Louis XIV -
Commercial Wars
1650-1763
These wars caused tension between many countires due to the need for resources. -
Rise of Prussia
1650-1763
Prussia grew to be a massive power during this time and under Frederick William I, the country gained an army of a whopping 80,000 people. -
Newton publishes Principia Mathematica
Gave a single, concise mathematical law on gravitation. -
Glorious Revolution; Peter the Great's reign begins in Russia
1688-1689
Glorious Revolution caused the Bill of Rights to be written and placed a sort of system of "checks and balances". Peter the Great expanded Russia and their army. -
Rise of Russia
1689-1815
Due to Peter the Great's efforts, Russia became an extensive European power, not only ruling on land, but also in the Baltic Sea. -
Bank of England founded
Bank of England basically acted as accountant to government. Later becomes financial center for Europe. -
Enlightenment
Eighteenth Century
An intellectual movemen led by philosophes that stressed the application of reason and the scientific method to every aspect of life. -
Agricultural Revolution
Eighteenth Century
The Agricultural Revolution was a period of transition from hunting to stationary farming. Nw tchniques of growing crops allowed for better crop yields. Factors that came into play were better climate, moe farmland, and an increase in the number of livestock. -
Peace of Utrecht; Death of Louis XIV
1713-1715
The Peace of Utrecht put Louis XIV on halt in conquering Europe. Also let England have right to supply slaves for Spain. -
Rise of the Middle Class
Eighteenth Century
With the rise of the middle class, it bought about a more balanced civilization. -
Rococo Art
1720-1760
Rococo used light colors and lighthearted styles in order to show what the day had in store. -
War of Austrian Succession begins
Battle has domino effect and basically puts all of Europe in war. -
Industrial Revolution
1750-1850
The Industrial Revolution was the transition from hand production methods to machines., new chemical manufacturing, and the increased use of steam power. -
Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years' War
British Acquires parts of Canada
France keeps a couple of islands
Prussia keeps Silesia -
American Revolution; Smith publishes Wealth of Nations
The people of the New World are able to be free from England. If we did not win the American Revolution, none of us would be here today and our future would have certainly shifted.
The book by Adam Smith is important because it showed modern economic thoughts and included laissez-faire. -
Age of Revolutions
1789-1848
The Age of Revolution was a period of time where a grand amount of revolutions took place. This period also experienced a shift from absolute monarchies to constitutionalist republics and states. -
French Revolution begins
One of the bloodiest revolutions in histroy, it brought about the creation of new weapons, such as the guillotine, however it did not give many rights nor really accomplish anything. -
Rise of Nationalism
1790's-1914
Nationalism allowed for people to come together and have a sense of untiy and pride for their country. -
Feminism
1790's-1980's
Feminism is the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. This movement led was meant to acquire rights for women. Due to this movement, women gained many rights, including the right to vote. -
Wollstonecraft begins feminist movement with Vindication of Rights of Women
Feminism greatly shapes the future of women as gender norms start to shift. -
Napoleon comes to power in France
Napoleon was able to transform France into a modern state and he defeated the Second Coalition. However, he caused a loss of liberty in France. -
Romanticism
First Half of the Nineteenth Century
Romanticism was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution and a rebellion against the ideas presented in the Age of Enlightenment. -
Abdication of Napoleon; Congress of Vienna
Napoleon's abdication was more of a con than a pro because e was a strong military persona. The Congress of Vienna created a balance in Europe. -
Rise of Liberalism
1830's-1870's
The Rise of Liberalism supported the belief that governments must protect the most basic, natural rights. -
Revolution in France; Belgian and Greek Independence
1830-1831
The French Revolution threw out every old tradition and hierarchy in favor of "Liberté, égalité, and fraternité". -
Revolutions of 1848; Marx and Engels publish Communist Manifesto
A new idea of politics came out of these revolutions. The Communist Manifesto was able to challenge the mindset of people at the time. -
Unification and Nation Building
1850-1875
This event led to the creation of new countries. -
Realism and Materialism
1850-1870's
This movement changed the scope from Romanticism to the problems of people such as the woring class and peasants. -
Second Industrial Revolution
1850-1914
The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, bought about mass production and the assembly line. -
Imperialism
1850-1914
A time here Europeans had control of a countless number of regions, including the continent of Africa. The events in this era led to a global economy but intense rivalries. -
Rise of Modern Society
Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
This time period was characterized by population growth and urbanization. -
Modern Ideas and Science
1850-1920's
Led to the inclusion of women's right, the bacterial revolution, and the theory of evolution. -
Crystal Palace Exhibition in Britain
Provided national center for enlightened people. -
Britain establishes direct rule of India
Brought British culture to India, however most of India's resources were taken as a result. -
Darwin publishes Origin of the Species
THEORY OF EVOLUTION -
Italy unified; Russian serfs emancipated
Even though Italy is brought together, northern Italy is full of rich people while suthern Italy is full of poor people. Even though the serfs were free, they were still restricted. -
Modern Art
1870-1920
During this era, new art styles were introduced such as cubism and impressionism. Many famous artist also existed during this time period. -
Unification of Germany; Paris Commune and Third Republic in France
Germany's unification created a balance of power. German developed very quickly and even rivaled Great Britain. The Third Republic did not last very long. -
Berlin Conference over imperialism in Africa
1884-1885
The Berlin Conference divided Africa among Europe. -
Freud publishes Interpretation of Dreams
Freud was one of the first people to ever analyze dreams. -
Einstein publishes relativity theory; Revolution of 1905 in Russia
The relativity theory challenged preconceived ideas of space and time. The revolution was a gigantic massacre and it caused he vote for a Russian Parliament. -
World Wars
1914-1945
This was a time of catastrophe in Europe. Most of Europe had to go to war and gigantic blood baths took placce all across the continent. During World War I, Germany was the focal point of all the action. -
World War I begins
The first World War put mainly all of Europeinto battle and put Germany in the center of it all. -
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
This revolution caused Russia to lose a quarter of its territories and lose a third of its population, -
Treaty of Versailles ends World War I
Treaty forced Germany to sign war clause and pay all damages -
Totalitarianism
1920's-1945
A time where countries in Europe were under total control by the state. -
Fascists and Mussolini come to power in Italy
All political powers are forbidden except for the fascists. -
Great Depresion begins
Many unemployed workers and government had to intervene. -
Hitler comes to power in Germany
Hitler put Germany under a total lockdown and turned it into a totalitarian state. -
Munich Conference - Height of Appeasement
Gave Sudentland to Hitler -
World War II begins
World War II is even bloodier than World War I. One good thing comes out of the war though, the United Nations. -
Cold War
1945-1991
During the Cold War, the U.S. and the Soviet Union built weapons that were very dangerous due to their explosive nature. The Warsaw Pact and NATO were also formed during this era. -
European Unity
1945-Present
After all the conflicts, Europe is finally united as one. Foloowuing this, the European UNion is formed and so is the European Economic Community. -
World War II ends; Unitd Nations founded
Nazi regime finally ends and Berlin Wall is constructed. -
NATO formed
Europe and United States collaborate with each other to set up defense. -
European Coal and Steel Communtiy (ECSC) formed
The ECSC was able to put tarrif free trading into place between the countires of France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. -
Stalin dies
The Soviet Union's efforts cease. -
Khrushchev's de-Stalinization speech; Hungary Revolt
The sppech was significant because it was a shift from Stalin's harsh rules and regulations to a more ideal way of living. The Hungary revolt did not last becuase he Soviets came and shut it down. -
Treaty of Rome creates European Economic Community (EEC); Sputnik launched
The EEC eliminates trade barriers and also becomes motivation for economic in Western Europe. The launching of the Sputnik put the Soviet Union against the United States in searching space. -
Fifth Republic in France under DeGaulle
Under Degaulle, he let Algeria have freedom, he started to develop nuclear weapons, and took military forces away from NATO. -
Berlin Wall Erected
Stopped refugees from coming and going, plus it became a symbol for communism, -
Second Vatican Council begins
Recognized separation of church and state. -
Cuban Missle Crisis
The missle crisis desacrated Khrushchev's trustworthiness and it later helped overthrow him in 1964. -
Student revolts; Czech "Prague Spring" revolt
There were many student protests throughout Europe, but they mostly ended up in all the students being arrested. The revolts in Czech occured due to communist control. -
Helsinki Accords - height of détente
Marked the high point of the Cold War
The people who signed them acknowledged basic human rights and ridded Europe of territorial boundaries. -
John Paul II elected pope
One of the most famous popes and called one of the most influential of his time. -
Soviet Union invades Afghanistan; Thatcher elected prime minister in Britain
The invasion caused a lot of harm on the Soviet's economic system and it caused social tension with the Soviets. Electing Thatcher as the minister cuased Britain to be able to buy a council house and place reforms that made London a financial center. -
Solidarity founded in Poland
Solidarity was one of the first acts that used peace to overthrow a Communist regime. Candidates from Solidarity were voted over the Communist party also. -
Gorbachev comes to power in Soviet Union
Reformed the Soviet Union -
Berlin Wall falls and collapse of communism
Reunification of Germany and end of Cold War in Europe. -
Break-up of Soviet Union; Balkan conflicts begin in former Yugoslavia
The break-up of the union caused different ethnic groups to revolt and dmand freedom. The conflicts in former Yugoslavia cause Balkan tension. -
Maastricht Treaty creates European Union (EU)
Created the World's largest economic market. -
Euro currency introduced
Brought Europe together under European Union. -
Terroist attacks on United States
Terroist Attacks caused people to hate the middle east and furthermore put airports under tight control.
