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The industrial revolution started to pickup pace in the 1760s in England, when machines began to be used in factories and the modern steam engine was invented -
Watt's Steam Engine, created by James Watt, was an engine that allowed for steam to be used more efficiently to power machinery. The invention led to the invention of steam ships, locomotives, and factory machines. -
The United States gained independence from British rule after formally being colonies, and became a democracy.
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The French Revolution was a period where France underwent many political and social changes while attempting to overthrow monarchal rule ("Ancien Regime") and create a republic
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The French Empire under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte conquered/attempted to conquer much of Europe, leading to changes in the political systems and layout of the continent.
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After Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808 and King Amadeo abdicated, Spain went to war with the French. While fighting Napoleon's army alongside Portuguese troops, the Constitution of Cádiz was created in 1812. In 1814 the war ended when king Ferdinand VII returned from exile.
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The Spanish-American Wars were conflicts over the control of Spanish occupied America, both on the basis of independence from rule and between the north and south hemispheres and their system of government
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The first trade unions began to be formed in the early 1800s, as the industrial revolution began to progress and workers (like luddites) started to fight for their rights
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A movement created by textile factory workers in 181, that protested against the use of machinery in factories as opposed to the work of artisans -
The Constitution of Cádiz is Spain's first constitution. It was created during the Spanish War of Independence. It was revoked in 1814 when King Ferdinand VII returned to the throne. -
Ferdinand VII ruled Spain briefly in 1808 before Napoleon invaded, and when he returned to power in 1814 he revoked the Spanish constitution created in 1812, and returned Spain to full monarchal rule. An uprising in 1820 caused the constitution to be in use again while King Ferdinand ruled, but it was once again revoked in 1823. Ferdinand ruled until he died in 1833, with Isabella II as his heir to the throne.
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The Congress of Vienna was a group of meetings held between European Powers to discuss order in Europe after the end of Napoleon Bonaparte's conquest. The powers carried out "The Restoration", the act of restoring land conquered by Napoleon's army. Many of the powers made agreements to insure that the agreements made in the congress would be upheld. They included the Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria) and the Quadruple Alliance (United Kingdom, Russia, Prussia, Austria).
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As a result of the Vienna Congress meetings of 1815, the land that was conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte was redistributed in Europe, and King Louis XVIII (from the Bourbon line of monarchy) returned to power -
Spain's constitutional monarchy started (under the rule of Ferdinand VII), and revolution spread to Portugal, Naples (Italy) and Greece as a result -
The Liberal Triennium was a three year period in which King Ferdinand VII continued his rule, but Spain was controlled by a liberal government. During this time the Constitution of Cádiz was reintroduced.
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A United States policy created by president James Monroe, that claims that the U.S. would not interfere with European affairs, that the Americas were not open to further colonization by European powers, and that the U.S. would not tolerate interference. -
Inventor George Stephenson worked to redesign the locomotive, and in 1829 he invented the first modern steam engine, which led to the rise of railroad infrastructure and use of locomotives -
Revolutions developed in France and Belgium. Voting was limited in France, alongside freedom of the press, by Charles X. As a result of a revolt, Louis-Philipe d'Orleans became the new king. In Belgium independence was gained through a liberal-nationalist movement. -
Isabella II became the heir to the Spanish throne when she was three years old in 1833, after her father King Ferdinand's death. Her uncle, Carlos, didn't believe that she had the right to the throne, leading to conflict. Her mother, Maria Christina, ruled in Isabella's place until she was thirteen. She ruled until she abdicated leading up to the third Carlist war.
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Britain illegally exported large amounts of opium into China, and the widespread addiction that followed caused social, economic, and governmental unrest. This led to a series of conflicts between the two countries, and unbalanced trade.
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An economic crisis in France caused Louis-Philipe to abdicate, and the Second French Republic formed. Further revolution caused class struggle, and Napoleon became president. Unsuccessful revolutions were also started in this time
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The Communist Manifesto is a pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles that documented their ideas about government, the economy, and the working class -
Revolutions and the influence of liberal nationalist ideas from Mazzini and the Risorgimento led to advocacy to unify Italy. Over time areas became annexed, with Lombardy in 1859, Naples and Sicily in 1860, and Venice in 1866. Occupation of Rome in 1877 led to integration of Papal States, and Rome became the new capital of Italy.
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The governments of North and South American states had disagreed over economic policies, slavery, and values in the countries for over 80 years, which evidently lead to conflict. The Union (north states) ended up winning over the Confederacy (south states), under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant.
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Conservative-imperialist nationalism and military force were at the core of the process of German unification. Unification started with Schleswig and Holstein in 1864 (after Prussia's defeat of Denmark), and Prussia's defeat of Austria in 1866 led to the establishment of the German Confederation. In 1871 The Second Reich was established and Germany annexed Alsace-Lorraine (after defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War).
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The First International (International Working Men's Association) was a group that was founded by trade union leaders that worked to unify workers during the labor movement -
The Meiji Restoration was the reestablishment of imperial rule in Japan. The new emperor took up the name Meiji while coming into power, as it means "enlightened rule". -
The First Spanish Republic was created after the abdication of King Amadeo during the third Carlist War. During the the Republic, four presidents governed during short terms. The Spanish Republic was ended due to military upraising in 1874
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The son of Isabel II, who became king after the end of the first Spanish republic
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Britain fought two Boer (or Afrikaner, originally dutch settlements) republics, the South African Republic, and the Orange Free State. The war ended with a British victory.
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German chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated a triple alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. During the time of European colonial expansion in Africa, Italy was promised support of expansion from Germany, but tensions and conflicts were caused within the alliance due to the desire to colonize similar areas. A similar alliance (Triple Entente) was created between France, Russian and the UK during the same period. -
The Berlin Conference was a meeting between European powers to create rules based around the partitioning of Africa. This was done to ease tensions between countries, but conflicts remained -
The son of Alfonso XII. During his rein as king he was widely unpopular, and Spain often went through political instability. He associated with the dictator Primo de Rivera and aimed to overthrow parliament, which eventually led him to abdicating after the dictatorship ended.
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The hight of disputes between Britain and France in Sudan during the partitioning of Africa -
A massacre that took place in St. Petersburg that was a major part of the 1905 Russian revolution. -
Germany supported the independence of Morocco from French control, which led to tensions between the British and Spanish, who became involved with the conflict.
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Military conflicts between Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, the Ottoman Empire, and Montenegro (and Romania during the second conflict). As a result the Ottoman Empire lost control of Albania and Macedonia (which was claimed by Greece).
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WW1 was a conflict that started between European powers and their respective colonies, and later included the U.S. and Japan. The war started due to a combination of increased militarism and nationalism, as well as tensions caused by imperialism and alliances. The war was fought between the Central Powers and Allied Powers (who won the war).
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The first large event that marked the start of the Russian revolution. The monarchy was overthrown, leading to the establishment of the Russian provisional government. -
The last phase of the Russian Revolution that led to the establishment of Soviet control, and the end of Russia's alliance with the allied forces/triple entente. -
A treaty signed by the central powers and Soviet Russia ending Russias involvement in WW1. This lead to Russia losing land (Ukraine, Poland, Baltic provinces, and Belarus). -
The Treaty of Versailles was a document signed by Germany and the Allied powers that formally ended WW1. It dictated that Germany had compensate for actions during the war. -
The League of Nations was created to prevent conflicts similar to WW1. It was the first organization between governments worldwide.