History & Theory Timeline Quiz 2

Troy [Hisarlik] (Turkey), 3000-1300 B.C.E. (Troy VI, Homeric Troy)

3000 BCE

Also called Ilian, troya, and illith
Parts of the Trojan War are myths
Layers of city (1-7 generations of Troy)
Troy 6 & 7 were Homeric Troy
This started as a Neolithic village (cob or rubble masonry)
Hills were created by building settlement on top of settlement on top of settlement, etc
Painted interiors
Megarons:
- Mycenae
- Pylos
- Tiryns
Made of sun-dried brick
Significance: Story of trojan war is important to history and the future of architecture, education, and etiquette

Hattuşaş (Turkey), c. 1900-1200 B.C.E.

1900 BCE

Had a Sphinx/Chimera
Rubble Masonry
Imported trees to build with
Statues of angel-type sphinxes outside of an entrance
Grid structure
Significance: Origins of Classicism

Beycesultan (Turkey), c. 1800 B.C.E.

1800 BCE

Ashlar Masonry
Ashlar means cut and smooth stone and not rubble (think brick-work)
The dome on top of the drum with eight sides (Squinch)
Large approx. 80 chambers organized rectangular court with gallery and balconies
Significance: Earliest example of environmental controls in architecture

Gournia (Crete), 1600-1100 B.C.E.

1600 BCE

Best preserved layout approx. 60 houses
Densely packed houses, upper floors by outside stairs
Advanced skylight
Significance: Urban form cohesive and logical

Toreador fresco, Palace of Minos, Knossos (Crete), c. 1600 B.C.E.

1600 BCE

Depicted a type of sport
Fresco
Painting of Bull
Significance: Art was idealistic self-art, bulls, or the sea

Palace of Minos, Knossos (Crete), c. 1600 B.C.E.

1600 BCE

Were cities mixed with cities
Fusion of Microdevelopments (not planned)
Mortar & Rubble Masonry
Stoa
Bought by Sir Arthur Evans
Significance: Minoens built it; first Greek civilization

Tiryns (Greece), c. 1,600-1,100 B.C.E.

1600 BCE

Rubble Masonry
Megaron
City-state
Significance: Foundation of classicism

Mycenae (Greece), c. 1,600-1,100 B.C.E.

1600 BCE

Ancient Greek City
Significance: city was vital to classical greek culture

Treasury of Atreus (Tomb of Agamemnon), Mycenae (Greece), c. 1,400 B.C.E.

1400 BCE

This is the first time seeing a Tholos
Dromos=way of egress
Corbelling vault (tholos)
Circular Temple and Burial Chamber
Cyclopean Masonry
Similar to Passage or Gallery Grave
Would’ve had heavy wooden or bronze doors
Discovered by Heinrich Schliemann
Beehive corbelled dome with 6 columns
CYCLOPEAN ON BOTTOM AND ASHLAR ON THE INSIDE
Found Agamemnon mask (death mask made of pure gold leaf)
Found wife’s jewelry
Significance: Most supreme example of Mycenaean architecture

Palace of Nestor, Pylos (Greece), c. 1,300 B.C.E.

1300 BCE

Megarons
Rubble Masonry
Hearth & Piers
Painted walls (polychromatic)
Copper & tin smelting
Bronze Age
Traded with Egyptians
Volcano killed Minoans?
Frescos and tapestries
Copied the palace of King Minos with the columns holding up the roof
Very Colorful!! Rich blues, reds and yellows
Significance: Minoans most successful and sophisticated people of their time

Lion Gate, Mycenae (Greece), c. 1,250 B.C.E.

1250 BCE

Megaliths
Corbelling
2 posts and lintel decorated with lion carvings (corbelled around the carvings)
Cyclopean architecture
Significance: showed the foundation of classical architecture
- Column
- Capital
- Frieze

Lefkandi Temple (Delphi, Greece), 10th-century B.C.E.

1000 BCE

The first temples of greece made were of wood
Doric columns (no base), small temple
Significance: The start of greek temples

Eretria, Temple of Apollo (Greece), 8th-century B.C.E.

800 BCE

Eretria was naval city allied to Athens
Place of worship of Apollo (god)
Part of religious civic center
Cult worship and sacrifice
Doric columns
Significance: Best preserved examples of Archaic sculpture

First Temple of Hera, Samos (Greece), c. 775 B.C.E.

775 BCE

Architect=Theodoros
Archaic temple
Mud-brick, 100’ temple, columns down the center
Sanctuary for goddess Hera
Significance: oldest example of peripteral temple

Temple of Artemis, Corfu (Greece), c. 600-580 B.C.E.

600 BCE

Archaic greek temple
Metope decorated; massive altar
Significance: First doric temple exclusively built with stone

Temple of Artemis, Ephesos (Turkey), c. 560-550 B.C.E.

550 BCE

Lots of columns all the way around and through
Colorful (polychromatic)
Ephesos, Turkey which is Greek colony of Asia Minor
Best is in the East usually
Double the size of parthenon
designer= Chersiphron
Ionic temple
significance: size and dimensions make it one of the seven wonders of the world

Second Temple of Hera, Samos (Greece), 538-522 B.C.E.

538 BCE

Doric temple
Peristyle all the way around (columns)
Deep roofed pronaos, closed cella
Significance: best example of doric architecture

Temple of Athena, Paestum (Italy), c. 510 B.C.E.

510 BCE

Doric frieze
6 columns
High pediment of facade
Metopes of sandstone
Significance: One of the most preserved temples that had both doric and ionic columns

Persepolis (Iran), 518-460 B.C.E., Palace of Darius and Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes

510 BCE

Ceremonial capital of first Persian Empire
Carved people and animals into the stairs
499 BCE revolt → Persian wars after → Athens enters Golden Age
Significance: Developed independently and had huge bas reliefs

Temple of Apollo, Bassae (Greece), late 5th century BCE

500 BCE

Architect- Iktinos
Doric columns outside
Ionic on inside
One Corinthian column capital in the cella (first use)
Significance: used three forms of columns, the first appearance of Corinthian columns

Miletus (Turkey), refounded after the Persian sack of 479 B.C.E. Planned by Hippodamos

479 BCE

Significance: The city served as a basic plan for many cities in the region

Parthenon, Akropolis, Athens, 447-432 B.C.E. Architects: Iktinos and Kallikrates; sculptor of Athena: Phidias

447 BCE

Iktinos and Kallikrates
Columns have entasis
Commissioned by Perikles after old one burnt down
Stylobate (100 footed)
Octostyle
Doric
Polychromatic
Columns go all the way around
Made optical corrections
Effected columns to change how the building looked
The goal was for the building to look perfect when looking from below since it was on the top of a hill
Significance: important because of the optical illusion it used to make it look normal

Propylaia, Akropolis, Athens, 437-432 B.C.E. Architect: Mnesikles

437 BCE

Very steep on the western side
Doric Columns
Fluting and drums
Also introduced Ionic columns in the building
True ashlar masonry
Trigliths
Was a monumental gateway
2 lateral wings
Copied by Romans
Symmetrical
Significance: The scale of the building was large for the time, as well as directed movement into the Akropolis

Temple of Athena Nike, Akropolis, Athens, 427-424 B.C.E. Architect: Kallikrates

427 BCE

Built in prostyle
Tetrastyle
Showed that temples don’t have to be big to be significant, but intricate and grand (scale of temple was appropriate for Nike)
Polychromatic
Pronaos
Portico
Covering held up by columns
Cella
Opisthodomos
Sacred space
Normally would hold a stature of the deity
Ampi prostyle
Significance: Best example of Ionic order, also appropriate scale for housing Nike

Erechtheion, Akropolis, Athens, 421-405 B.C.E. Architect: Kallikrates

421 BCE

They dedicated to athena after both athena and poseidon offered gifts to have them dedicated to them
Athena won because she gave an olive tree and poseidon gave a spring/horse and they could live off an olive tree
Ionic Order (elegance)
Caryatids
6 women that betrayed Athens during Persian war, pushed by being symbols of holding up the whole city
Porch on south entrance
Non symmetrical
Significance: Irregular plan to incorporate several places and people to worship, unlike most other temples

Temple of Apollo, Delphi (Greece), 3rd-4th century B.C.E

400 BCE

Architects= Trophonios and Agamedes
Doric order
6 columns in front (15 at flanks)
Significance: Huge altar is center which signified huge importance of cult rituals that took place here

Theater, Epidaurus, c. 300 B.C.E.

300 BCE

Polykleitos
Many - Glory
Significance: Best preserved amphitheater

Sanctuary of Asklepios , Kos, Greece- 300-150 BCE

300 BCE

Hygia and Penecia were siblings
Part of a complex (bilateral symmetry)
Stoa with wings
Not strictly trabeated
Can start to span large distances
Significance: First appearance of arches in temples and showed drama of Hellenistic architecture

Etruscan Tombs and Temples, Tuscany (Northern Italy) Umbria

300 BCE

The etruscans were wealthy traders who exchanged goods and ideas with the Greeks, not much is known about their civilization
Their tombs were gallery graves or square stone tombs decorated with paintings that were happy or joyful.
Dug and carved dwellings into hills
Not fluted
Has a base
Capitals are similar to Doric order
No entasis
Little ornamentation
Etruscan temples were made of wood, and were prostyle with no back entrance
Had arches
Very ornamented facade
Significance: Tuscan order

Augustus Gate, Perugia (Italy) 300 BCE

300 BCE

Located near Italy’s northern border
Used engaged columns (attached to/embedded in the walls), corinthian order
Utilized ashlar masonry
Used a combination of arcuate and trabeated construction
Significance: The most famous surviving arch

Delos (Greece)

250 BCE

Amphitheater
Place for performers to watch speakers or performances
Carved into rock hill
Stone teared seats
Also included sporting events
Significance: ?

Temple of Zeus and Altar of Zeus in Herbion, Pergamon, Turkey- 197-159 BCE

197 BCE

Drama of Hellenistic architecture embodied
U shaped alter
Ionic columns on alter
Built on a platform
Small columns like Athena Nike temple
Now in German museum
Carvings in frieze look life-like
Significance: Hellenistic architecture that brought art and architecture together

Temple of Zeus Olympus, Athens- 174 BCE

174 BCE

Corinthian capitals and columns on the exterior
Originally designed in the Doric order (6th century)
20 columns on sides (two rows of columns all the way around)
Significance: Architecture starts looking more Roman (ie classicism)

Bouleuterion, Miletus, c. 170 B.C.E.

170 BCE

Counsel/ assembly house
(housed citizens of city/state)
Typically democratic
Significance: was a civic building that housed democracy

Stoa of Attalos II, Athens (Greece), c. 150 B.C.E.

150 BCE

Hellenism
Stoa
Covered walkway
Ionic Columns with fluting
Original one burnt down
Significance: first and largest center for trading (like a shopping mall) and a meeting point for the city

Aqueduct, Pont-du-Gard, Nimes (France), Late 1st Century BCE

100 BCE

Made of 3 stacked arcades (rows of arches)
A 3-5-6 grade slope in the aqueduct brought water from the mountains to the city
The water was used as fresh water for fountains, drinking etc. and to flush out the sewers
There were many aqueducts in Rome
Significance: Romans started to discover the power of arches and how they can be used structurally

Colosseum, Rome, 72-80 CE

80 BCE

Officially called the Flavian Amphitheater
Built and completed in 2 years
Held 50000-55000 people
Roman bricks were short and flat (not great)
Covered with marble at the time
Rationally constructed
The Colosseum is made of a series of barrel vaults
Significance: important because of the use of connective barrel vaults is an annular vault, this was a huge architectural feat

Maison Carree, Nimes (France), 19 BCE

19 BCE

Corinthian columns (had beautiful friezes)
Hexastyle
Side columns are engaged columns
Coffering under portico
One of the most commonly copied forms (found in banks, court buildings etc.) because it had very good proportions.
Large acroterium shaped like people/statues (this was common in Rome)
Ashlar masonry
There was coffering under the portico that was used to make the entablature lighter
Significance: great example of psuedoperipteral

Theater of Marcellus, Rome, 11 BCE

11 BCE

A circus was demolished from the site to make room for the theater
Held 15000-20000 people
The lowest level had doric columns, followed by ionic and corinthian
Seats = Cavea
Had nosebleeds section even back then
Significance: One of the largest/most important theaters in Rome

Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii, 50 CE

50

Located about 45 miles west of Rome
Corinthian columns
Hexastyle (6 columns)
Prostyle (columns only in front)
The temple had a deep porch, similar to how the Etruscans built their temples
Significance: Had a huge impact on the architecture of Roman temples

Temple of Minerva, Assisi (Italy), 1st Century CE

100

Corinthian columns
Hexastyle (6 columns)
The columns were deeply fluted
Prostyle (columns in front)
The columns on the sides of the temple are engaged columns (embedded/attatched to the walls)
Now is a church
Less elaborate column ornamentation
Significance: perfect example of exterior roman temples

Trajan's Column, Rome, 114 CE

114

Made of concrete (enabled them to build new things)
-The column had a spiral staircase inside of it
Capped with a statue of Trajan
Shaft was rich with imagery
Significance: Concrete being used as the building material rather than mortar increased capabilities

Pantheon, Rome, 118-128 CE

118

Used corinthian columns on the exterior that were not fluted
Incorporated trabeated and arcuated construction
The concrete dome used coffering to make it lighter
The oculus in the center also made it lighter
The small statue niches were modeled after household altars
Bottom = Corinthian
2nd = Ionic
3rd = Doric
4th = Tuscan
Octosyle Columns
Idigula = home sanctuary for Roman gods
Significance: used all column orders and was dome shaped