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*Illness was evil spirits or punishments from the gods
*Witch Doctors treated illness
*Herbs and plants used as medicines
*Trepanation was used (Surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull to release the evil spirits.)
*Average life span was 20 years. -
*Physicians were priests
*Health records were first reported by Ancient Egyptians
*Bloodletting and leeches used as medical treatments.
*Average life span 20-30 years (It increased by a little bit) -
*Believed that treating whole body by curing spirits
*Pharmacopoeia of medications made mainly of herbs was recorded
*Use of Acupuncture
*Began search on why illness happened medically
*Life span stayed the same as Ancient Egyptians (20-30 years) -
*Hippocrates played a big part
*First to observe the effects of diseases on the human body which led to modern medical sciences
*Thought that illness was caused naturally
*Diet, hygiene, and exercise were stressed as ways to prevent disease.
* Life span increased by 5 years (25-35 years) -
*First to organize medical for wounded soldiers.
*Hospitals were religious and charitable
*First sanitation and public health systems were built (Sewers and Aqueducts)
*The body was thought to have four body humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile)
*Life span hasn't increased (25-35 years.) -
*Study on medicine was prohibited, and there was an emphasis on saving the soul.
*Prayer and divine intervention were used as medical treatments
*Medications were mainly made of herbs and mixtures.
*Disease was still blamed on circumstance, but they did not understand as to why.
Average life span dropped a bit (20-30 years) -
*Renewed interest in the medical practices of the Greeks and Romans
*1100 Arabs began requiring medical examinations to be passed if a physician wanted to obtain a licence
*1346-1353 The Bubonic Plague killed around 75% of the entire European and Asian population combined along with Major diseases
*Those diseases were smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria
*1220-1255 Medical Universities and such were established
*Average life span is about the same (20-35 years) -
*We saw the rebirth of Science and Medicine
*Body dissections led to the increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
*1440 Invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared more
*1543 The first anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius
*Disease cause was still a mystery
* Average life span increased a little bit more (30-40 years) -
*Knowledge regarding the human body greatly increased
*1500's Ambroise Pare, a french surgeon, who is also known as the father of modern medicine, established the use of ligatures to stop bleeding
*1600's Apothecaries (The early pharmacist) made, prescribed, and sold medications
*1670 The microscope was invented
*This allowed physicians to see disease causing organisms
*HUGE advancement
*The cause of disease was still NOT KNOWN, many people died from infections
*Life span was 35-45 years -
*1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer.
*1760 Benjamin Franklin invented the first bifocals
*1778 John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
*1798 The smallpox vaccine was created
*The Average life span increased (40-50 years) -
*There were rapid advancements made due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccines
*1895 The X-Ray machine was developed
*1893 The first open heart surgery was performed
*Infection control was also developed
*1816 Invention of the stethoscope
*1860 Formal training for nurses began
*Women became active in the medical departments
*The average life span increased (40-60 years) -
Rapid Growth was seen during the 20th century
*1901 ABO blood groups discovered
*found out how white blood cells protect against diseases
*New medicines were created
*1922 Insulin was discovered and used to treat diabetes
*1928 Antibiotics were developed to fight infections (The first was penicillin)
*New machines developed
*1943 Kidney Dialysis and 1953 Heart Lung Machine
*Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
*1953 The structure of DNA discovered -
*1956 The first bone marrow transplant was completed
*This initiated Embryonic stem cell research which was widely controversial because they had to research from aborted children
*1978 Test tube babies
*Organ transplants
*1960 Kidney
*1963 Liver
*1967 Heart
*1982 The first artificial heart was created, it did not last someone very long, and is rarely if not ever used -
*Diptheria-1921
*Tuberculosis-1925
*Pertussis-1927
*Typhus-1937
*Influenza-1945
*Oral Polio-1962
*Measles-1963
*Mumps-1967
*Rubella-1970
*Chicken Pox-1974 (Some parents would have their children go play with a kid who was infected with chicken pox so they could get an immunity.)
*Streptococcus Pneumonia-1977
*Meningitis-1978
*Hepatitis B-1981
*Hepatitis A-1992
*Lyme Disease-1998
*Rotavirus-1998 -
*1910 Laparoscopic Surgery
*Minimal Invasive Surgery
*1970's Targeted Cancer Therapies
*Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
*Identify and kill the cancer cells
*1990 Smoke Free Laws
*Decrease is second hand smoking
*1996 Saw advanced in HIV medication
*Turned a "death sentence" into a manageable and chronic disease-Normal Life span
*1999 Rapid advances in Stem cell research
*Re-create lost/damaged tissue -
*2001 The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Kentucky In.
*2003 Human Genome Project Completed
*Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get a handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
*2005 Face Transplants
*Vaccines
*2006 HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
*Prevent Cervical Cancer
*2015 Malaria
*2015 Ebola