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~ Illnesses were caused by spirits or a punishment from God
~ There were tribal doctors that healed with ceremonies
~ Plants ans Herbs used as medicines
~ One procedure was removing a piece of the skull to let out spirits and illnesses (Trepanation)
~ Average of 20 year life span -
~ Doctors were priests
~ First mediacl records
~ Used leaches to remove blood and illness
~ 20-30 year life span -
~ believed that in order to cure the body, one needs to nourish the body
~ Earliest form of pharmacologists- using mostly herbs
~ Searched for medical reasons for illness
~ 20-30 year life span -
~ First to observe the human body and why it gets sick
~ Believed illness was a result of natural causes
~ Used therapies such as, physical and art therapy
~ Stressed diet and exercise in order to stay healthy
~ 25-35 year average life span -
~ First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
~ Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
~ First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
~ Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
~ Life span was 25-35 years -
~ Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
~ Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
~ Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
~ Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
~ Average life span was 20-30 years
~ Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding -
~ Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
~ 1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
~ 1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
~ Major diseases included
smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
~ 1220-1255: Medical Universities were established
~ Average life span was 20-35 years -
~ Rebirth of Science of Medicine
~ Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
~ 1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
~ 1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
~ Average life span was 30-40 years
~ Disease cause STILL a mystery -
~ Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
~ 1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
~ 1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
~ 1670: Invention of the microscope
~ Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
~ HUGE advancement
~ Average life span 35-45 years
~ Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections -
~ 1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
~ 1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
~ 1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
~ 1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
Average life span 40-50 years -
~ Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
~ 1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
~ 1893: First Open Heart Surgery
~ Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
~ 1816: Invention of the stethoscope
~ 1860: Formal training for nurses began
~ Women became active participants in health care
~ Average life span 40-60 years -
~ 1901: ABO blood groups discovered
~ Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
~ New medications were developed
~ 1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
~ 1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
~ New machines developed
~ 1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine
~ 1953: Heart Lung Machine
~ Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
~ 1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
~ 1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
~ 1978: Test tube babies
~ Organ Transplants
~ 1960: Kidney
~ 1963: Liver
~ 1967: Heart
~ 1982: Artificial Heart -
~ 2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
~ 2003: Human Genome Project Completed
~ Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
~ 2005: Face Transplants
~ Vaccines
2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
Prevent Cervical Cancer
2015: Malaria
2015: Ebola