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4000 BCE
Primitive Times (4000 BC - 3000 BC)
- Believed illness/disease was caused by evil spirits/demons or God was punishing you Treatments:
- Tribal witch doctors performed ceremonies
- Herbs/plants used as medicine (morphine & Digitalis)
- Trepanation (removing a piece of bone from the skull) Life Span: 20 years
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3000 BCE
Ancient Egyptians (3000 BC - 300 BC)
- Physicians were priests
- Egyptians first recorded health records Treatments:
- Bloodletting and leeches Life Span: 20-30 years
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1700 BCE
Ancient Chinese (1700 BC - AD 220)
- Believed in treating the whole body
- Began search for medical reasoning of illness/disease
- Recorded a pharmacopoeia(book) of medicine(herbs) Treatments:
- Cure soul & nourish the body
- Acupuncture Lifespan: 20-30 years
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1200 BCE
Ancient Greeks (1200 BC - 200 BC)
- Hippocrates(Father of Medicine)
- First observed the human body and effects of disease
- Believed illness is caused by natural causes
- Focused on diet, hygiene, and exercise to help prevent disease Treatments:
- Therapies(massage therapy, art therapy, etc.)
- Herbal treatments Life Span: 25-35 years
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753 BCE
Ancient Roman (753 BC - AD 410)
- First organized medical care by providing care to soldiers
- Later hospitals were religious/charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
- First to build sewer/aqueducts, resulting in better hygiene
- Galen established belief that the body was regulated by 4 body humors, blood(lust), phlegm(slow response), black(depression), and yellow bile(anger). Treatments:
- Cleaning of wounds
- Medicine(s) to relieve pain Life Span: 25-35 years
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400
Dark Ages (400 AD - 800 AD)
- Anti-medicine, instead save the soul
- Monks/Priests provide custodial care
- Cause of disease blamed on circumstance Treatments:
- Save the soul(prayer/rituals)
- Prayer/divine intervention
- Medicine was mainly herbal Life Span: 20-30 years
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800
Middle Ages (800 AD - 1400 AD)
- Renewed interest Greek and Romans medical practices
- 1100 - Arabs required physicians pass examinations/licenses
- 1346-1353 - Bubonic Plague killed 75% of Europe and Asia population
- 1220-1255 - Medical Universities established Major Diseases: smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria Treatments:
- Bleeding
- Priests/Spiritual/Church practices Life Span: 20-35 years
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1350
Renaissance (1350 AD - 1650 AD)
- Rebirth of Science of Medicine
- Disease cause a mystery
- Body Dissections increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
- 1440: Printing press shared medical knowledge
- 1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) Treatments:
- Still herbs/bloodletting
- Still prayer
- Alcohol Life Span: 30-40 years
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1501
16th & 17th Centuries (1501 - 1700)
- Human body knowledge increased
- 1500’s: Ambroise Pare(Father of Modern Surgery), a French surgeon established use of ligatures(sutures) to stop bleeding
- 1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
- 1670: Microscope invented, allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms
- Cause of disease still unknown but the microscope helped Treatments:
- New Medications
- Maggots
- New Treatments Life Span: 35-45 years
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18th century (1701 - 1800)
- 1714 - Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer
- 1760 - Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals (glasses)
- 1778 - John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
- 1798 - Smallpox vaccine discovered Treatments:
- Vaccines
- Procedures
- Tube Feeding
- Glasses Life Span: 40-50 years
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19th Century (1801 - 1900)
- Discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
- 1895 - Invented X-Ray Machine
- 1893 - First Open Heart Surgery
- Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
- 1816 - Invention of stethoscope
- 1860 - Began training for nurses
- Women became more active in health care Treatments:
- Dangerous long term chemicals like lead and mercury
- Hydrotherapy Life Span: 40-60 years
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20th Century (1901 - 2000)
- 1901 - ABO blood groups discovered
- Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
- 1922 - Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
- 1928 - Discovered penicillin
- 1943 - Kidney Dialysis Machine
- 1953 - Heart Lung Machine
- Surgical/diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
- 1953 - Structure of DNA discovered, research in gene therapy begins Treatments:
- Vaccinations
- New Medications Life Span: 45-80 years(Increased later in years)
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20th - 21st Century (1901 - 2100) : Start of Rapid Growth
- 1910 - Laparoscopic Surgery
- 1970’s - Targeted Cancer Therapies (Blocking cells involved in tumor growth, and identified and killed the cancer cells)
- 1990 - Smoke Free Laws (Decreased 2nd hand smoke )
- 1996 - Advances in HIV Medication (Turned death into a manageable chronic disease, normal life span)
- 1999 - Advances in Stem Cell Research (Re-Create lost/damaged tissue) Treatments:
- Antibiotics
- Chemotherapy Life Span: 45-80 years(Increased later in years)
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20th Century (1901 - 2000)
- 1956 - First Bone Marrow Transplant
- Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
- 1978 - Test tube babies
Organ Transplants:
- 1960: Kidney
- 1963: Liver
- 1967: Heart
- 1982: Artificial Heart Treatments:
- Transplants
- Other Advances Life Span: 45-80 years(Increased later in years)
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20th Century (1901 - 2000)
Vaccines:
1921 - Diptheria
1925 - Tuberculosis
1927 - Pertussis
1937 - Typhus
1945 - Influenza
1962 - Oral Polio
1963 - Measles
1967 - Mumps
1970 - Rubella
1974 - Chicken Pox
1977 - Streptococcus Pneumonia
1978 - Meningitis
1981 - Hepatitis B
1992 - Hepatitis A
1998 - Lyme Disease
1998 - Rotavirus -
21st Century (2001 - 2100)
- 2001 - First totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient
- 2003 - Human Genome Project Completed (Mapped out human genes to figure out genetic and autoimmune diseases.)
- 2005 - Face Transplants Vaccines:
- 2006 - HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine, prevents Cervical Cancer)
- 2015 - Malaria
- 2015 - Ebola Treatments:
- So many advances with technology/treatments Life Span: 70-85 years