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-Illness and diseases were believed to be caused by evil spirits and demons or punishment from the Gods
-Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
-Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)
-Used trepanation or trephining in which they would surgically remove a piece of bone from the skull
-The average life span was 20 years -
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-Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
-Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mostly on the use of herbs
-Used of therapies like acupuncture
-Began to search for medical reasons for illness
-Average life span was 20-30 years -
-Had Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, and other physicians
- Was the first to observe the human body and the effects of disease which would lead to modern medical sciences.
-Believed illness is a result of natural causes
-Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
-Stressed diet, hygiene, and exercise as ways to prevent disease
-Average life span was 25-35 years -
-The physicians were priests
-Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
-Bloodletting or leeches were used as a medical treatment
-Average life span was 20-30 years -
-First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
-Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
-First public health and sanitation systems built through sewers and aqueducts
-Galen established the belief that the body was regulated by four body humors, blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
-The life span was 25-35 years -
-Emphasized saving the soul and the study of medicine was prohibited
-Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
-Monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people
-Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
-Average life span was 20-30 years
-No understanding of what caused disease it was still blamed on circumstance -
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-Interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans again
-The Bubonic Plague, killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
-Major diseases were smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
-Medical Universities were established in the 9th Century
-Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
-Average life span was 20-35 years -
-Rebirth of Science of Medicine
-Body Dissections led to more understanding of anatomy and physiology
-The invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
-First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
-Average life span was 30-40 years
-Disease cause STILL a mystery -
-Knowledge regarding the human body increased
with the invention of the microscope
-Physicians were able to see disease-causing organisms.
-Apothecaries, early pharmacists, made, prescribed, and sold medications
-Ambroise Pare (1510-1590), a French surgeon, the Father of Modern Surgery created use of ligatures to stop bleeding
-Average life span 35-45 years
-Cause of disease was still not known and many people died from infections
-Some enlightenment though due to microscope -
-Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
-John Hunter (1728-1793), established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
-Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
-Average life span 40-50 years -
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-Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
-Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
-Formal training for nurses began
-Women become participants in heathcare
-Average life span 40-60 years -
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-X-Ray machine
-Kidney Dialysis Machine
-Heart Lung Machine -
-Rapid growth in Health Care
-Research in genes and structure of DNA
-Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions -
-More knowledge about the role of blood in the body
-ABO blood groups discovered
-Found out how white blood cells protect against disease -
-New medications developed
-Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
-Antibiotics developed to fight infections -
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-Initiated stem cell research -
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-Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
-Identify and kill the cancer cells -
-Minimal invasive surgery -
-Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
*Re-Create lost/damaged tissue
-Advances in HIV Medication
*Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable
chronic disease – Normal Life Span -
-Decrease in secondhand smoke -
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-Map out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases -
-Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
-Prevent Cervical Cancer -
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