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-illness and diseases came into the world
*many believed that it came from evil spirits
*a punishment from the Gods
-tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
-herds and plants were often used to help heal, (morphine and digitialls)
- Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull)
-Average life span was 20 years -
- physicians were mostly priests health records were the first recorded by the ancient egyptians -bloodletting or leeches were used as medical treatment -Average life span was 20-30 years
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- believed to cure all of the body, in a way curing the spirit and the nourishing the body
- recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based, mainly on herbs *Used therapies such as acupuncture -Began to search for medical reasons for illness
- life span was 20-30 years
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-Rebirth of Science of Medicine
-body dissections led to the increase understanding of anatomy and physiology
-1440 invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
-1543 first anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
-Average life span was 30-40 years
-Disease cause still was a MYSTERY -
- Hippocrates (father or medicine) and other physicians
- first to observe the human body and the effects of disease- led to modern medicine -believed illness is a result of natural causes -used therapies, such as massages,art therapy, and herbal treatment -stressed diet, hygiene, and exercise as ways to prevent disease
- Average life span was 25-35 years
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Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
-1100(arabs) began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain a licenses
-1346-1353 bubonic plague killed 75% of Europe and Asia
Major Diseases- smallpox,diphtheria,tuberculosis, typhoid, plague, malaria
-1220-1255 medical universities were established
-Average life span was 20-35 years -
-First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
- Later hospitals were sudden religious and often became charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
-First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
_Galen establishment belief that the body was regulated by four body humors, blood, phlegm,black bile, and yellow,
-life span was 25-35 years -
-Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
-prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and diseases
-Monks and Priests provide custodial care for the sick people
-medications were mainly herbal mixtures
-Average life was 20-30 years
-Disease cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding -
-Knowledge regrading the human body Greatly increased
-invention of the microscope
*allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms
-Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made prescribed and sold medications
-Ambroise Para (1510-1590) a french surgeon, known as the father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop the bleeding
-Average life span 35-45 years
-cause of diseases still not known - many people died from infections
*some enlightenment though due to microscope -
-Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
-Smallpox vaccine discovered 1798
-John Hunter (1728-1793) established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
- Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
-Average life span 40-50 years -
-Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, vaccinations
-First open heart surgery 1893
-infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
- invention of the stethoscope -1816
- Formal training for nurses began
*woman become active participants in health care
- Average life span 40-60 years -
_ Rapid growth in health care
- increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body
*ABO blood groups were discovered
-found out white blood cells protect against disease
-The structure of DNA and research in gene therapy (ongoing)
- new medications were developed
-insulin, antibiotics
New Machines
-x-ray, kidney dialysis machine, heart lung machine
-Surgical and diagnostic techniques to cure once fatal conditions
- First bone marrow transplant -1956 (initiated embryonic stem cell -
Test tube babies -1978
organ transplants
-kidney-1960
-liver and heart -1963
-heart - 1967
-implanted first artificial heart - 1982 -
Diptheria- 1921
Tuberculosis- 1925
Pertussis- 1927
-Typhus - 1937
-Influenza -1945
-Oral Polio- 1962
-Measles- 1963
-Mumps- 1967
-Rubella- 1970
Chicken Pox- 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia- 1977
-Meningitis- 1978
_Hepatitis B- 1981
- Hepatitis A - 1992
-Lyme Disease- 1998
-Rotavirus- 1998 -
-The First totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville KY, in 2001
- Human Genome Project- * map out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
-Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research- * Re-create lost/damage tissue -
-Advances in HIV medication- Turned a "death sentence disease" into a manageable chronic disease- Normal life span
- Targeted Cancer therapies - interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth, identify and kill cancer cells
- Laparoscopic surgery, -minimal invasive surgery
- Smoke Free Laws- decreased in 2an hand smoke
- Face Transplants - 2005
- Vaccines, HPV 2006, Malaria 2015, Ebola 2015