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- illness was evil spirits or punishment from the gods.
- witch doctors treated illness
- herbs and plants used as medicines
- trepanation used... surgically removing an piece of bone from the skull
- average life span was 20 years
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- physicians were priest
- health records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
- bloodletting or leaches used as medical treatment.
- average lifespan was 20-30 years
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- believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
- recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
- used therapies such as acupuncture
- began to search for medical reasons for illness
- average lifespan was 20-30 years
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- Hippocrates (father of medicine) and other physicians
- first to observe the human body and the effects of disease, led to modern medical sciences
- believed illness is a result of natural causes
- used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatments
- stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
- average lifespan was 25- 35 years
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- first ones to organize medical care by helping injured soldiers
- later hospitals were religious -First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts -Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
- lifespan 25- 35 years
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- emphasis of saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
- prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease
- monks and priests provided custodial care for ill people
- medications were mostly herbal mixtures
- disease cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding
- average life span 20-30 years
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- renewed interest medical practices in ancient Romans and Greeks
- bubonic plague, 1300s killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
- major diseases included, smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria
- medical university's were established in the 9th century
- arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain license
- average lifespan 20-35 years
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- rebirth of science of medicine
- body dissections led to increased understanding of autonomy and physiology
- invention of the printing press allowed more medical information to be shared
- first anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
- disease cause STILL a mystery
- average lifespan 30-40 years
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- knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
- invention of the microscope was a HUGE advancement, allowed physicians to disease causing organisms
- early pharmacists started making, prescribed, and selling medications
- use of ligatures established to stop bleeding during surgery
- cause of disease still not knows, most people died due to infection
- average lifespan 35-45 years
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- first mercury thermometer created
- smallpox vaccine discovered
- scientific surgical procedures established and tube feeding introduced
- benjamin franklin invented bifocals
- average lifespan 40-50 years
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- rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccines
- first open heart surgery
- infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
- invention of the stethoscope
- formal training for nurses began, and women became active participants in health care
- average lifespan 40-60 years
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- RAPID GROWTH in health care
- increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body
- the structure of DNA and research in gene therapy
- new medications discovered including, insulin, and and antibiotics
- new machines developed including x-ray, kidney dialysis machine, and heart lung machine -Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
- first bone marrow transplant
- test tube babies
- kidney, liver and heart organ transplants
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Diptheria – 1921
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998 -
- human genome project
- rapid advances in stem cell research
- advances in HIV medication
- targeted cancer therapies by identifying and killing cancer cells -Laparoscopic Surgery
- smoke free laws led to decrease in 2nd hand smoke
- face transplants
- vaccines discovered include, HPV, malaria and Ebola