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- It was believed that illness and disease were caused my evil spirits, demons, or punishment from the gods. -Herbs and plants were used as treatment, as well as tribal witch ceremonies, and trepenation or trephining (cutting a hole in the skull) -The average life span was only 20 years.
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-Most physicians and doctors were priests
-The first ever health and medical records were recorded by ancient egyptians
-People used blood letting and leaches for treatment
-The average life span was only 20-30 years -
-People believed you needed to cleanse and nourish the whole body and spirit
-Methods like herbs and acupunture were very popular
-Around this time, people started trying to research and understand reasons for medical illness
-The average life span was still only 20-30 years -
-Hipocrates- who was known as the father of medicine- as well as other physicians made discoveries such as:
-They were the first to really observe the human body and the effects of illness
-They believed illness was caused by natural things
-They used massage therapy, art therapy, and herbal treatments
-They also discovered that a healthy diet, good hygeine, and regular exercise were ways to improve health and prevent disease.
-The average life span increased a bit, 25-35 years -
-First people to organize care for injured soliders
-Hospitals were religious and were charitable institutions
-These people were the first to come up with sanitation ideas, and came up with sewers and aquaducts.
-It was believed that the body was regulated by four different humors: blood, phelgm, black bile, and yellow bile.
-The average life span was 25-35 years -
-Previous knowledge of anythng medical went out the window.
-Study of medicine was prohibited, people focused on saving their soul
-Prayer and devine interventions were used to treat illnesses and diseases
-Priets and Monks provided some care for sick people
-Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
-Disease was blamed on circumstance, but no one understood how it worked.
-Average life span was 20-30 years -
-Greek and Romans: There was a new interest in medicine and anatomy
-Arabs: They began requiring people to pass examinations, and obtain medical licenses before practicing medicine
-Europe and Asia: In 1346-1353, the Bubonic Plauge killed 75% of the population. Major diseases were also smallpox, diptheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague and malaria.
-Medical universities were established in 1220
- The average lifespan was 20-35 years -
-Rebirth of Science of Medicine
-Body dissections led to a better understanding of anatomy and physiology
-In 1440, the invention of the printing press allowed for medical information and knowledge to be shared
-In 1543, The firsr ever anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius
-Disease was still a mystery, even with the understadning of anatomy
-The average life span was 30-40 years -
-The knowledge surrounding the human body GREATLY increased
-1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
-1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
1670: Invention of the microscope allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms, this was a HUGE advancment
Average life span 35-45 years
Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections -
-In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
-In 1760, Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
-In 1778, John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
-In 1798, a Smallpox vaccine discovered
The average life span was 40-50 years -
-There were rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
-In 1895, the first X-Ray Machine Developed
-In 1893, the First Open Heart Surgery took place
-Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
-In 1816, there was the Invention of the stethoscope
- in 1860, Formal training for nurses began
-Women became active participants in health care
The average life span 40-60 years -
-1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
-1978: Test tube babies
Organ Transplants
-1960: Kidney
-1963: Liver
-1967: Heart
-1982: Artificial Heart -
-1901: ABO blood groups discovered
Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
-New medications were developed
1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
-New machines developed
1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine
1953: Heart Lung Machine
-Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins