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people believed Illness and diseases were
caused by evil spirits and demons
or it was a punishment from the Gods, Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies, Herbs and plants like morphine and digitalis used as medicines, Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull), the average life span was around 20 years. -
Physicians were called priests, the first Health Records were recorded by the ancient Egyptians, Bloodletting or leeches were used as medical treatment Average life span was 20-30 years
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they believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body, they recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs, Used therapies such as acupuncture, started to search for medical reasons for illness, Average life span was 20-30 years
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Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
were the first to observe the human body and the effects of disease this led to modern medical sciences.
they believed illness was a result of natural causes
Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
the average human life span was 25-35 years -
were the first to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers, the later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents, the first public health and sanitation systems made by building sewers and aqueducts. Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
Life span was 25-35 years -
Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited, prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease, monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people medications were mainly herbal mixtures
the cause of disease was still blamed on circumstance, but with no understanding of it.
Average life span was 20-30 years -
Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
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Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
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Medical Universities were established
Average life span was 20-35 years -
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
Major diseases included
smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria -
Rebirth of Science of Medicine
Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
Average life span was 30-40 years
Disease cause STILL a mystery -
Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
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Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
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Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
HUGE advancement
Average life span 35-45 years
Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections
Some enlightenment though due to microscope -
the first anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
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Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
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Invention of the microscope
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Average life span 40-50 years
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Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
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Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
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John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
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Smallpox vaccine discovered
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Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
Women became active participants in health care
Average life span 40-60 years -
Invention of the stethoscope
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Formal training for nurses began
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First Open Heart Surgery
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X-Ray Machine Developed
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ABO blood groups discovered
Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
New medications were developed
Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
New machines developed such as the Kidney Dialysis Machine and Heart Lung Machine
Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
First Bone Marrow Transplant
Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Test tube babies
First organ Transplants
1960: Kidney
1963: Liver
1967: Heart
1982: Artificial Heart -
ABO blood groups discovered
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Laparoscopic Surgery
Minimal Invasive Surgery -
Diptheria – 1921
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998 -
Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
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Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
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Kidney Dialysis Machine
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Heart Lung Machine and structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins
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First Bone Marrow Transplant
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1960: Kidney
1963: Liver
1967: Heart
1982: Artificial Heart -
Targeted Cancer Therapies Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth and Identify and kill the cancer cells
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Test tube babies
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Smoke Free Laws and a Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
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1996: Advances in HIV Medication Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease
– Normal Life Span -
Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
Re-Create lost/damaged tissue -
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The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
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2003: Human Genome Project Completed
Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases -
Face Transplants
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2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
2015: Malaria
2015: Ebola