-
-Illness and diseases were
Caused by evil spirits and demons
-a punishment from the Gods
-Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)
-Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull)
-Average life span was 20 years -
-Physicians were priests
-Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment
-Average life span was 20-30 years -
-Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
-Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
-Used therapies such as acupuncture
-Began to search for medical reasons for illness
-Average life span was 20-30 years -
-Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
-Believed illness is a result of natural causes
Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
-Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
Average life span was 25-35 years -
-First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
-Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
-First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
-Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
-Life span was 25-35 years -
-Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
-Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
-Monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people
-Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
-Average life span was 20-30 years
-Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding -
-Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
-Bubonic Plague, 1300s killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
-Major diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
-Medical Universities were established in the 9th Century
-Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
-Average life span was 20-35 years -
-Rebirth of Science of Medicine
-Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiologyInvention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
-First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
-Average life span was 30-40 years
-Disease cause STILL a mystery -
-Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
-Invention of the microscope
-Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
HUGE advancement
-Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
-Ambroise Pare (1510-1590), a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
-Average life span 35-45 years
-Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections -
-Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
-Smallpox vaccine discovered 1798
-John Hunter (1728-1793), established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
-Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
-Average life span 40-50 years -
-Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
-First Open Heart Surgery - 1893
-Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
-Invention of the stethoscope - 1816
-Formal training for nurses began
-Women became active participants in health care
-Average life span 40-60 years -
Diptheria – 1921
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998 -
-RAPID GROWTH in Health Care
-Increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body
-ABO blood groups discovered
-Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
-The structure of DNA and research in gene therapy (Ongoing)
-New medications were developed
-insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
-Antibiotics developed to fight infections
-New machines developed
-X-Ray
-Kidney Dialysis Machine
-Heart Lung Machine -
-The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In 2001
-Human Genome Project
-Map out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
-Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
-Re-Create lost/damaged tissue
-Advances in HIV Medication
-Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span
-Targeted Cancer Therapies
Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved -
-Identify and kill the cancer cells
-Laparoscopic Surgery
Minimal Invasive Surgery
-Smoke Free Laws
-Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
-Face Transplants – 2005
-Vaccines HPV - 2006
-Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
-Prevent Cervical Cancer
-Malaria – 2015
-Ebola - 2015