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In the Early Beginnings, it was thought that supernatural spirits caused diseases.
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Things like exorcisms, trephining parts of the skull, herbs and plants were used to heal sickness
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Digitalis is used for the heart, quinine for fevers, belladonna and atropine for GI pain, and morphine for general pain.
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Ancient Egyptians were the first people to keep accurate health records. Priests acted as physicians. Healed sickness using medicine, splinted fractures, and treated disorders by bloodletting. -
The Ancient Chinese were the first to use acupuncture therapy.
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The Ancient Greeks were the first to determine the diseases may have a natural cause rather spiritual. Religious custom did not allow for dissection of a human body, anatomy was based of observation of the external body. Hippocrates, father of medicine, found that disease was not caused by supernatural forces.
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Found that disease could be caused by lack of sanitation, created aqueducts to funnel clean water into their cites, sewers to carry waste. First to organize medical care, sent medical equipment and physicians with armies. Hospitals were established. -
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For 1,000 years, medicine was marginally practiced and studied. They believed life and death were in the hands of God.
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Their treatment was prayer and herbal mixtures.
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Things like the Bubonic Plauge, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, tuberculosis ran uncontrolled in the Middle Ages. -
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Universities and medical schools were built for research, dissection of the human body was accepted, printing and distribution of books made knowledge more accessible.
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Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body. -
Discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy.
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Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat.
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Discovered circulation of blood and pumping of heart.
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Invented the microscope, discovered bacteria.
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Apothecaries were early pharmacies that engaged in drug and spice trade with the East.
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Discovered bifocals, and that colds can be passed from person to person. -
Students started to attend lectures in classroom and laboratory, also observed patients bedside.
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Discovered the element oxygen.
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Discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox. -
Invented the stethoscope.
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Founder of modern nursing, made nursing a respectable profession by attracting well-educated and dedicated woman to her school of nursing. -
Identified that the cause of childbed fever was physicians and others not keeping themselves clean.
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Discovered tiny microorganisims that cause infection.
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Discovered the existence of viruses.
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Used carbolic acid on wounds, used antiseptic during surgery.
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Developed the method of asepsis to keep an area germ free before and during surgery.
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Developed culture plate method to identify pathogens, isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis.
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Discovered the effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisims.
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Discovered the x-ray. -
Nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform were discovered and used to put patients into a deep sleep before surgery.
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Found that penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria.
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Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. Determined that the mind and body work together. -
Discovered sulfonamide compounds that were effective in killing bacteria.
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Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis.
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Used a live polio virus vaccine, which proved more effective than Salk's treatment.
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Both discovered the molecular structure of DNA based on the known double helix. Their model explained how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on it. -
Preformed the first successful heart transplant.
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Pioneer in separating siamese twins and preforming hemispherectomies.
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Stribild was approved for HIV patients in 2013, combining four antiretroviral medications into one dose.
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The cyberknife is a robot that attacks cancerous and non-cancerous tumors using high doses of radiation and intense precision.
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fMRI's allow doctors to track changes in brain cells, oxygen levels, blood circulation, and how the neurons function.
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Aduhelm is a drug used to treat patients with Alzheimer's.
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With the development of artificial organs made in a lab, there will soon be no need for a donor for a transplant.