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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early beginnings
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3900 BCE
Disease Caused by?
Supernatural spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatment For Sick?
-Ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits like removing part of the cranium and praying -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
Digitalis from foxglove plant used as a pill, treats heart conditions. Quinine from a cinchona tree, controls fever, muscle spasms and prevents malaria. Belladonna and atrophine from nightshade plant, receive muscle spams and GI pain. Morphine from opium poppy, treats severe pain. -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399 BCE
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
First people to keep accurate health records. Priests were physicians. They used medicine, splints and leaches to collect blood so it wouldn’t pool around a wound -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
First to use acupuncture. Started with therapies with stone tools and developed into acupuncture today. -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
They were the first ones who studied the disease and started to think it came from natural causes rather than spirits. Their religion did not allow people to be dissected. Hippocrates studied and kept records discovering disease was not supernatural forces. He wrote Oath of Hippocrates which is the standard basis for todays medical ethics. And they started to realize disease was being caused by lack of sanitation. -
100
Ancient Romans
First to organize medical care. Developed a sanitation system. Got clean water through waterways. Built sewers and bathrooms with a water system. Beginning of public health. Sent medical equipment with armies, rooms in houses for ill, care for the sick was established like hospitals. -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Stopped the study of medicine why?
The church believed life and death was in Gods hands and they had no interest in how the body functioned. -
700
How do they treat disease?
Prayer, herbal mixtures and custodial care. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
Caused millions of people death. Bubonic Plague killed 60 million. Smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis. We now have vaccines. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth?
They built universities and school for medical research. Accepted dissection of body for studies. Published books to teach more people about the research they discovered. -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vincli
He studied anatomy and created his own deception of the body. -
1550
Gabriele Fallopuis
Discovered Fallopian tubes -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered Eustachian tube (leads from ear to throat) -
William Harvey
Understood physiology and describe circulation of blood and the heart pumping -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope. Life smaller than we can see. Found bacteria causes tooth decay. -
Apothecaries
early pharmacy’s started to develope. Started trade in drugs and spices from the East. -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
Discovered bifocals. Discovered colds are contagious -
Medical Students Learning
Students attended lectures in class, labs and at bedside. Dissected bodies and observed diseases. Medicine studies continued and expanded. -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered element oxygen. Discovered plants refreshing air and restoring oxygen for us to breathe again. -
Edward Jenner
Discovered a vaccination for smallpox. His discovery led to other preventative medicine in public health. -
Rene Laennec
Invented stethoscope. allowed doctors to hear disease. -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified cause of childbed fever. Discovered in births with midwives vs physicians there were less cases. Found out it was because physicians weren’t washing their hands after dissections. Was proved correct and now we wash hands all the time. -
Florence Nightingale
Attracted women to Nightingale school of Nursing for them to learn and work in a respectable proffesion. -
Louis Pasteur
“Father of Microbiology,” discovered microorganisms everywhere. Proved they cause disease rather than being created by disease. Discovered heating milk prevented disease, still use this method today. -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered some diseases are from microorganisms you cant see with a microscope called viruses. -
Joseph Lister
Learned micro organisms cause infection. He used acids to kill germs on wounds. Became first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery. -
Ernst von Bergmann
Developed asepsis. Developed method to keep areas germ free before surgery. -
Robert Koch
Discovered disease-causing organisms. Developed method to identify pathogens and isolate the bacteria causing tuberculosis. Introduced importance of cleanliness and sanitation. -
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered effect of medicine on micro organisms that cause disease. Treatment was effective in some and not in others. Brought use of chemicals to fight disease. Completed 606 expire ends to find a cure for syphilis before it worked. -
Wilhelmina Roentgen
Discovered X-rays. Took the first x-ray of his wife’s hand. Allowed doctors to see inside the body. -
Anesthesia
Nitrous Oxide, enter, and chloroform were discovered for putting people to sleep during surgery instead of chocking them out. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Penicillin killed life-threatening-bacteria. Considered most important discovery because people were dying of curable disease before that. -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. Determined mind and body work together. Led to understanding of psychosomatic illness. -
Gerard Gomagk
Discovered sulfonamide compounds. First medications that worked in killing bacteria. -
Jonas Salk
Discovered dead polio viruses caused immunity to poliomyelitis. -
Albert Sabin
Used a live polio virus vaccine. Vaccine is used today on babies against this disease. -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered molecular structure of DNA based on double helix. Model explained how it replicates and codes hereditary information. Set stage for rapid advances in molecular biology. They won Nobel Prize in Medicine for this. -
Christian Barnard
Performed the first successful heart transplant -
Ben Carson
Pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies to stop seizures. -
Period: to
21st Century
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Stem cells used to study heart condition
Researchers made stem cell lines by programming skin cells from patients with a developmental disorder called LEOPARD. the scientist made the cells heart cells that feature LEOPARD syndrome helping researchers find compounds that can reverse this syndrome. -
Preventing Bacterial Infections
Scientists identified a protein that breaks away bacteria from medical devices. They can now prevent disease from a catheter from spreading to other organs. Opened insight to how biofilms cause disease. -
Migraines
Scientists discovered light exposure made migraines worse. They discovered even if you cant see images light can cause headaches and this sparked studies for new approaches to calming non-image-forming, light-sensing, eye cells. -
“Genetic Garbage”
98% of the human genome was discovered to play a major role in the creation of DNA. It gives the genetic code meaning. Scientists are now looking at how to cure disease with just changing this part of the genetic creation. -
Lab Grown Body Parts
Stem cells are allowing people in need of a new trachea to grow one! Scientists discovered they can create body parts with bone marrow and skin cells. This can significantly lower the amount of organ donors needed.