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Evil spirits -
- Bloodletting
- Exorcism
- Prayer and divine intervention
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Digitalis:
- comes from foxglove plant, earlier people chewed the leaves
- given as pill, intravenously, injection now Quinine:
- taken from bark of cinchona tree
- controls fever, relives muscle spasms, helps prevent malaria Belladonna and atropine:
- made from nightshade plant (poisonous)
- relives muscle spasms, especially in GI pain Morphine:
- made from opium poppy
- treats severe pain
- addicting
- used as last option -
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- kept accurate records
- priests were healers of disease (used leeches and splints)
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- pioneered acupuncture in medicine with stone tools
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- researches disease cause
- did not think diseases were sent by a higher power
- disease was caused by poor sanitation
- religion didn’t allow body dissections
- Hippocrates wrote Oath of Hippocrates (ethic standard)
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- aqueducts, sewage systems, public baths with filters
- med equipment and physicians were found in army
- room in physician’s house for sick (early hospital)
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- Roman Empire conquered by the Huns
- Church believed life and death was up to God
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- holy people administered healing through prayer and herbs
- care was custodial
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- lack of healthcare caused outbreaks of disease (Bubonic plague, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, tuberculosis)
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- universities and med schools were built
- body dissections were accepted again
- printing press developed, books published
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- studied and recorded human anatomy
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- discovered fallopian tubes
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- discovered tube from ear to throat (Eustachian tube)
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- anatomy knowledge was used to understand physiology
- described circulation of blood and pumping of heart
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- invented microscope
- found bacteria that causes tooth decay
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- early pharmacies
- traded drugs and spices
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- bifocals
- colds were passed person to person
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- attended lectures, labs, observed bedside
- dissected dead patients
- better understanding of illness and death
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- discovered the element oxygen
- plants refresh used air
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- smallpox vaccinations
- led to immunization and preventative meds
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- invented stethoscope
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- identifies causes of childhood fever
- midwives died less than physicians
- physicians went to dead room to dissect bodies without washing hands after
- when they delivered babies, they infected the women
- strong hand washing advocate
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- Volunteered in hospitals
- Took group of 38 women to care for dying, cholera-stricken soldiers
- wanted effective training for nurses, construction of, management of, and sanitation of hospitals
- designed clean hospital ward
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- Father of Microbiology
- discovered micro organisms were everywhere, could cause disease, not created by it
- discovered pasteurization of milk kills germs
- rabies vaccine
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- discovered viruses
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- used antiseptics during surgery
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- developed asepsis
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- discovered disease-causing organisms
- importance of cleanliness
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- discovered effect of meds on disease-causing microorganisms
- treatment for syphilis
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- discovered x-rays
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- early = choked to unconsciousness
- now = chloroform
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- penicillin killed deadly bacteria
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- conscious & unconscious parts of mind
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- sulfonamide compounds
- meds killed bacteria
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- dead polio caused immunity to poliomyelitis
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- used live polio virus for immunization (more effective)
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- discovered molecular structure of DNA
- Nobel Prize winners
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- performed 1st successful heart transplant
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- separates conjoined twins
- preforms hemispherectomies
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- care for the unborn fetus
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- acupuncture
- acupressure
- herbal therapy
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- organ transplants from donors to recipients
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- successfully reattach severed body parts
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- non-penetrative diagnosis techniques