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Evil spirits -
Tribal ceremonies -
Digitalis: Treat heart conditions
Quinine: Controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, helps prevents malaria
Belladonna and Atropine: Relieve muscle spasms
Morphine: Treats severe pain -
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Health Records: Accurate, goals to heal them
Who are physicians?: Priests
How did they heal?: Medicines, splinting fractures, bloodletting with leeches -
Development of Acupuncture: Pioneers learned to treat diseases and illnesses with stone stools
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Illness cause Nature vs. Spiritual: Searched new info about disease, helped eliminate superstition
Dissection: Not allowed
Hippocrates: Used records to find that disease was not caused by supernatural forces -
Sanitation Systems: Clean water through aqueducts, sewers, public baths with filters
Organize medical care: Separate room for ill, medical equipment for army
Hospital development: Public buildings for care established, Roman physicians paid -
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Monks and priests had no interest in how the body functioned
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Primary treatment was prayer
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Bubonic plague, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis -
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Universities: Universities and medical schools built for research, search for new ideas about disease
Dissection: Acceptance of dissection of the body for study
Books: Greater access to knowledge from research -
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Studied and recorded anatomy of the body
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Discovered fallopian tubes of female anatomy -
Discovered the tube leading from ear to the throat
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Describe circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart
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Invented the microscope, life smaller than the eye can see, found bacteria that causes decay
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Early pharmacies, trade of drugs and spices
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Discovered bifocals, colds pass from person to person
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Attended lectures in classrooms and laboratories, observed patients at bedside -
Discovered element oxygen, plants refresh air for respiration
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Vaccination for smallpox, immunization and preventative medicine
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Invented the stethoscope
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Identified the cause of childbed fever, hand washing and cleanliness became accepted
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Attracted well-educated women to Nightingale school of nursing where it became a respectable profession
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Discovered tiny microorganisms are everywhere -
Discovered some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with a microscope
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First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery, used acid on wounds to kill germs
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Developed asepsis, developed method to keep area germ-free before surgery
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Discovered disease causing organisms, culture plate method to identify pathogens, important of cleanliness and sanitation
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Discovered effect of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms, use of chemicals to fight disease -
Discovered x-rays, allowed doctors to see inside the body -
Nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform was discovered, put people into a deep sleep, painless surgery
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Found that penicillin killed bacteria
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Discovered conscious and unconscious parts of the mind, mind and body work together, understanding of physical illness caused by emotional conflict
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Discovered sulfonamide compounds, first medications effective in killing bacteria
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Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis
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Used a live polio virus to create immunity, more effective
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Discovered molecular structure of DNA, DNA replicates, molecular biology -
Performed first successful heart-transplant
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Separates Siamese twins, performed hemispherectomies, surgeries on the brain to stop seizures
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- Ability to transplant organs from a donor to a recipient
- Ability to reattach severed body parts
- Ability to use noninvasive techniques for diagnosis
- Advancement in caring for the unborn fetus
- The possibility of eliminating disabling disease through genetic research