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Herbs and plants have been used as medicines. For example, morphine was used for pain in digitalis for the heart. This is still used today.
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It had been believed that disease and illness were caused by supernatural spirits and demons. Tribal witch doctors had treated illnesses with ceremonies to get the evil spirits out.
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The average lifespan was 20 years.
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They were the earliest people known to maintain accurate health records. They called upon the gods to heal them when disease occurred.
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Physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery in Temple medical schools. Imhotep may have been the first physician.
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The average lifespan was 20 to 30 years
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Their religious beliefs were against dissection this resulted in inadequate knowledge of body structure.
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They believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing it.
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The average lifespan was 20 to 30 years.
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Hippocrates is called the father of medicine. He developed and organized methods to observe the human body, recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases, and created a high standard of ethics. The oath of Hippocrates is used by physicals today.
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Aristotle dissected animals and is called the founder of comparative anatomy. He believed illness is a result of natural causes.
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The average lifespan was 25 to 35 years.
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Early hospitals developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes. Later hospitals were religious in charitable institutions housed in monasteries and convents.
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They created aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities, build sewers to carry waste materials away from the cities, used filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease, and drained marshes to reduce incidence of malaria.
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The average lifespan was 25 to 35 years.
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Emphasis was placed on saving the soul, and the study of medicine was prohibited.
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They treated disease by prayer and divine intervention. Monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people, medication‘s were mainly herbal mixtures.
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The average lifespan was 20 to 30 years.
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Physicians began to obtain knowledge at medical universities in the ninth century.
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The bubonic plague killed 3/4 of the population of Europe and Asia. Major diseases were small box, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria.
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Rhazes was an Arab physician. He was known as the Arab Hippocrates. He based diagnosis and observations of the signs and symptoms of disease, developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles, suggested that blood was the cause of many infectious diseases, and began the use of animal gut for suture material. He required that physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses.
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The average lifespan was 20 to 35 years.
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The rebirth of the science of medicine took place.
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The dissection of the human body began to allow the better understanding of anatomy and physiology.
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Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci used a section in order to draw the human body more realistically.
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The average lifespan is 30 to 40 years.
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The causes of diseases were still not known in many people died from infections and puerperal (childbirth) fever.
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Ambroise Pare was a French surgeon who is known as the father of modern surgery. He established the use of ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding, eliminated use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds, and improve treatment of fractures and promoted use of artificial limbs.
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He identified the fallopian tubes in females and described the tympanic membrane in the ear.
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The average lifespan is 35 to 45 years.
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William Harvey described the circulation of blood to and from the heart.
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He invented the microscope.
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Apothecaries (also known as early pharmacist) made, prescribed, and sold medication.
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The average lifespan was 35 to 45 years.
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He created the first Mercury thermometer.
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James prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy.
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Edward Jenner developed a vaccination for smallpox.
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The average lifespan was 40 to 50 years.
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The first successful blood transfusion was performed on humans by James Blundell.
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Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female physician in the United States.
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Florence was the founder of modern nursing. Florence established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean war in 1854, opened the Nightingale school and home for nurses at Saint Thomas hospital in London, and also began professional education of nurses.
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Clara Barton founded the American red cross.
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Willhelm discovered roentgenograms (x-rays).
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The average lifespan was 40 to 60 years.
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He discovered penicillin.
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The first heart-lung machine was used for open-heart surgery.
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The first successful kidney transplant in humans was performed by Joseph Murray in 1954. The first liver transplant was performed by Thomas Starzl in 1963. The first lung transplant was performed by James Hardy in 1964. The first successful heart transplant was performed by Christian Bernard in 1968.
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Computerized axial tomography (CAT) Scan was developed.
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The first test tube baby, Louise Brown, was born in England.
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The average lifespan was 60 to 70 years.
