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Morphine
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Supernatural spirits and demons
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Average life span 20 years
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Called upon the gods to heal them when diseased
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Physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery in temple medical schools. Imhotep presumed to be the first physician (predicted around 2725 BC)
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Average life span was 20-30 years
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Due to religious reasons, it prohibited against dissection resulting in inadequate knowledge of body structure. Instead they carefully monitored the pulse to determine condition of body.
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Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body.
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Average life span was 20-30 years
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“Father of Medicine”
- Developed an organized method to observe the human body
- Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases
- Created a high standard of ethics used by physicians today, (Oath of Hippocrates) (ex. Jake’s white coat ceremony) -
Dissected animals
Called the founder of comparative anatomy -
Average life span was 25-35 years
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Began public health and sanitation systems:
- Created aqueducts to carry and clean water to the cities
- Built sewers to carry waste materials away from the cities
- Used filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease
- Drained marshes to reduce the incidence of malaria -
First to organize medical care (provided care for injured soldiers)
Early hospitals developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes
Hospitals later were religious and charitable institutions housed in monasteries and convents -
Average life span was 25-35 years
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Emphasis on saving the soul
Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease -
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Prayer and divine intervention to treat illnesses and diseases
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures -
Average life span was 20-30 years
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New interest in medical practices
Physicians began obtaining knowledge at universities in 9th century -
Worldwide epidemic of the bubonic plague (Black Death) which killed 3/4 of population in Europe and Asia Major diseases included: smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague and malaria.
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An Arab physician known as the “Arab Hippocrates”
- Based diagnoses on observations of the signs and symptoms of disease
- Developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles
- Suggested that blood was the cause of many infectious diseases
- Began the use of animal gut for suture material -
Average life span was 20-35 years
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The rebirth of the science of medicine
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Dissection of the body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy and physiology
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Michelangelo (1475-1564) and Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) used dissection in order to draw the human body more realistically
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Average life span was 30-40 years
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Still unknown and many people died from infections and puerperal (childbirth) fever
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The “Father of Modern Surgery” was a French surgeon, Ambroise Pare (1510-1590)
- Established us of ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding
- Eliminated use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds
- Improved treatment of fractures and promoted use of artificial limbs -
Identified the Fallopian tubes in the female
Describe the tympanic membrane in the ear
(1523-1562) -
Average life span was 35-45 years
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Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart in 1628
(1578-1657) -
Invented the microscope in 1666
(1632-1723) -
(early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
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Average life span was 35-45 years
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Created the first mercury thermometer and 1714
(1686-1736) -
Prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795
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Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796
(1749-1823) -
Average life span was 40-50 years
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First successful blood transfusion was performed on humans in 1818 by James Blundell
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First female physician in the United States in 1849
(1821-1910) -
Founder of modern nursing
- Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854
- Opened the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at Saint Thomas’ hospital in London in 1860
- Began the professional education of nurses -
Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881
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Discovered roentgenograms (X-Rays) in 1895
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Average life span was 40-60 years
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Discovered penicillin in 1928
(1881-1955) -
The first heart-lung machine was used for open-heart surgery in 1953
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- First successful kidney transplant and humans was performed by Joseph Murray in 1954
- First successful heart transplant was performed by Christian Bernard and 1968
- First lung transplant was performed by James Hardy in 1964
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Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan was developed in 1975
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The first “test tube” baby, Louis Brown, was born in England in 1978
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Average life span was 60-70 years
