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Evil Spirits -
Doctors performed ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits -
One such ceremony involved an early form of trephining, whereby the tribal doctor would remove part of the cranium, with a primitive tool, to exorcise demons. They also used herbs and plants as medicines. Some of the same medicines are still used today. -
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Egyptians were the first people to keep accurate health records. They were superstitious and called upon god to heal them. In the Egyptian culture, the priests acted as physicians.They also had used leeches because they had believed that the pool of blood around a wound can threaten the healing of tissue. They also learned the art of splinting -
The Development of acupuncture started with early medical pioneers that learned to treat a variety of illnesses and disease with stone tools. Their methods eventually developed into the advanced practice of Chinese acupuncture, still in common use today. -
Ancient Greeks were the first to study the causes of disease and to determine that illnesses may have natural, rather than spiritual, causes.The Greeks understood the importance of searching for new information about disease. Hippocrates is considered the father of medicine. During ancient times, religious custom did not allow bodies to be dissected. -
Roman physician wore a death mask. This mask had a spice-filled beak, which the Romans believed protected them from protection and bad odors.The primary treatment was prayer. Scientists have discovered vaccines and medications to control these diseases. -
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For a period of 1,000 years, medicine was practiced only in convents and monasteries, the church believed that life and death were in god’s hands. -
The primary treatment was prayer. Medication consisted of herbal mixtures, and care was custodial.
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Terrible epidemics caused millions of deaths during this period.
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Building of universities and medical schools for research. The acceptance of dissection of the body for study. Books developed of the printing process, allowing greater access to knowledge from research.
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Leonardo da Vinci studied and recorded the anatomy of the body -
Gabrielle Fallopius discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy -
Bartolommeo Eustachio discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat ( Eustachian Tube). -
William Harvey used this knowledge to understand physiology, and he was able to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart -
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope, establishing that there is life smaller than the eye can see. -
Apothecaries, early pharmacies, started in this time. In medieval England, these apothecaries engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the East -
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Benjamin Franklin discoveries affect us in many ways. His discoveries include bifocals, and he found that’s colds could be passed from person to person. -
Medical students found more ways to study medicine. Students not only attended lectures in the classroom and laboratory, but also observed patients at the bedside.
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Joseph Priestley discovered the element oxygen. He also observed the plants refresh air that has lost its oxygen, making it usable for respiration. -
Edward Jenner discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox. Smallpox killed many people in epidemics. His discovery saved millions of lives. His discovery also led to immunization and to preventive medicine in public health. -
René Laënnec Invented the stethoscope. The first stethoscope was made of wood. It increased the ability to hear the heart and lungs, allowing to determine if disease was present. -
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Ignaz Semmelweis identified the childbed fever. Lots of women died from fever after child birth. Washing you hands contributes to fighting and preventing diseases. -
Florence Nightingale had interest in caring for the ill. She gained experience in hospitals. During the Crimean War, she took a group of 38 women to care for soldiers dying from cholera. She was famous because of her care for her interest in nursing. -
Louis Pasteur also known as the “Father of Microbiology”, discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere. He proved that microorganisms cause disease. He also believed in pasteurization. -
Dmitri Ivanovsky discovered viruses like tobacco mosaic virus, a virus that leads to discoloration. -
Joseph Lister learned about Pasteur’s discovery that microorganisms cause infection. He used carbolic acid on would to kill germs that cause infection. He also became the first doctor to use antiseptic. -
Ernst von Bergmann developed asepis. He developed a method to keep an area germ-free before and during surgery. -
Robert Koch discovered many disease-causing organisms. He also introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation. -
Paul Ehrlich discovered the effect of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms. His discoveries brought about the use of chemicals to fight disease. In his search to find a chemical to treat syphilis, he completed 606 experiments. On the 606th experiment, he found a treatment that worked. -
William Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895. His discovery allowed doctors to see inside the body and helped them discover what was wrong with the patient. -
Anesthesia was not used on patients in the nineteenth century. Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to help relieve the pain. They even choked patients to cause unconsciousness to stop pain. Many patients died from shock and pain. -
Sir Alexander Fleming found that penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria. The discovery of penicillin is one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century. -
Sigmund Freud discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. He studied the effects of the unconscious mind on the body. He determined that the mind and body work together. This led to an understanding do physcomatic illness. His studies were the basis of physiology and phychiatry. -
Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk was a German pathologist and bacteriologist. He is credited with the discovery of sulfonamidochrysoidine as an antibiotic for which he received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. -
Jonas Salk discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. This virus paralyzed thousands of adults and children every year. -
Albert Sabin used a live polio virus vaccine, which is more effective. This vaccine is used today to immunize babies against this dreaded disease. -
Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the molecular structure of DNA, based on its double helix. They won a Nobel prize in Medicine for this discovery. -
Christian Barnard performed the first successful heart transplant in 1968 -
Ben Carson continues to be a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemespherectomies, surgeries on the brain to stop seizures. -
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Although many people still associate VR with video gaming, its use has been expanded since headsets like the Oculus Rift were released at the start of the decade. VR are able to interactively guide them through a procedure, step-by-step, before they perform the actual operation – making it less likely any errors will occur. -
Mary-Elizabeth Patti and colleagues at Joplin show that poor prenatal nutrition permanently damages the function of insulin-producing cells in the embryo’s pancreas, raising the risk that the child will later develop type 2 diabetes.
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Everyday wearable devices like smartwatches and fitness trackers are increasingly being harnessed to remotely monitor patients and record information about them -
It allows people with spinal chord injuries to stand upright, walk and climb stairs, and received FDA approval in 2011. -
The NHS says it is only likely to be prescribed to treat rare forms of epilepsy, certain side effects of chemotherapy, and muscle stiffness or spasms caused by multiple sclerosis (MS). -
The Ebola outbreak was a serious death-threading virus that spread in West Africa from 2014 to 2016. Following this outbreak, the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine, Ervebo was developed. After multiple trials showed it to be both safe and effective in preventing the disease, it became the first FDA-approved Ebola vaccine in December 2019