History 5 Final

By history5
  • Period: May 6, 700 to

    The Imperial Diet or Reichstag

    Imperial Diet means the highest representative assembly in an empire, notably. The Reichstag (German for "Imperial Diet") was the general assembly of the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire.During the period of the Empire, which lasted formally until 1806, the Reichstag was not a parliament in today's sense; instead, it was an assembly of the various estates of the realm.
  • Period: May 6, 1304 to May 6, 1374

    Francesco Petrarch

    Was an Italian scholar and poet considered to be the father of Italian humanism. He is one of the earliest Renaissance humanists.
  • Period: May 6, 1350 to May 6, 1550

    The Renaissance

    An intellectual movement that went back to classical knowledge. The return ad fontes, to the sources.
  • Period: May 6, 1370 to May 6, 1444

    Leonardo Bruni

    was an Italian humanist, historian and statesman, who was chancellor of Florence. He has been called the first modern historian. Him and Petrarch found true copies of classical text and translated them.
  • Period: May 6, 1377 to May 6, 1446

    Filippo Brunelleschi

    was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for inventing linear perspective and designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral,
  • Period: May 6, 1380 to May 6, 1459

    Poggio Bracciolini

    An Italian who discovered a lot of amazing things, like classic texts, and then stole a lot of them. His handwriting was made into roman typeface.
  • Period: May 6, 1406 to May 6, 1457

    Donation of Constantine & Lorezon Vall

    is a forged Roman imperial decree by which the emperor Constantine.. The document was often cited in support of the Roman Church's claims to spiritual and earthly authority. Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla is credited with first exposing the forgery.
  • May 6, 1436

    Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo) in Florence,

    this was built as a modern twist on classic style. Built by Brunelleschi.
  • May 6, 1450

    The parlement of Paris

    Parlements in ancien régime France were not democratic or political institutions, but law courts . Membership in those courts was generally bought from the royal authority. In the years immediately before the French Revolution, their extreme concern to preserve ancien régime institutions of noble privilege prevented France from carrying out miscellaneous reforms, especially in the area of taxation
  • Period: May 6, 1463 to May 6, 1494

    Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

    Renaissance humanist. Never published in his lifetime. Wrote the Orantation of the Dignity of man, which got him in trouble with ecclesiastical authorizes because they thought it to be heretic. Concept of the dignity of man and harmony among philosophers.
  • Period: May 6, 1466 to May 6, 1536

    Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam

    Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, and a theologian. Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament
  • Period: May 6, 1469 to May 6, 1527

    Niccolò Machiavelli

    He is an Italian philosopher and humanist. He is one of the main founders of modern political science.His political Treatise, The Prince, attempts to lay out methods to secure and maintain political power. A very influential text at the time.
  • Period: May 6, 1473 to May 6, 1543

    Nicolaus Copernicus

    Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe. Leads into the scientific revolution
  • Period: May 6, 1483 to May 6, 1546

    Matin Luther

    i. Challenged the church for "indulgences"
    ii. Paradoxically this revolution contributed to the secularization
    iii. Goal of lecture: help us to understand how the great revolution was not about politics and economics but rather Christian salvation
  • Period: May 6, 1485 to May 6, 1509

    . King Henry VII (years he ruled)

    Was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown in 1485 until 1509. As the first monarch of the House of Tudor he restored power and stability of the English monarchy after the political upheavals of the Wars of the Roses.
  • May 6, 1487

    The Spanish Inquisition

    established in 1482 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, and to replace the Medieval Inquisition which was under Papal control. Brings power of church and state together. Result is a remarkable new authority of the state as a network of institutions
  • Jun 7, 1494

    Treaty of Tordesillas

  • Period: May 6, 1509 to May 6, 1547

    Henry VIII ruled

    and Catherine of Aragon: Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Catherine was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII.
  • Period: May 6, 1514 to May 6, 1564

    Andraes Vesalius

    Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. Gave the world a better understanding of the human body.
  • May 6, 1521

    Diet of Worms

    1. the Diet of Worms in 1521 was the first meeting of Emperor Charles the V with the representatives of the German Estates and the occasion of Martin Luther’s appearance before the emperor, which is a dramatic scene in the reformation. It provided the setting for Luther’s declaration of faith and provided the opportunity for an official statement of grievances concerning the state of the church.
  • May 6, 1525

    The Peasant's War: The German Peasants War of 1525

    i. Over interpreted the ideas of Luther and rose up in rebellion
    ii. Interpreted Christian liberty as true liberty
    iii. The whole of central Europe is encompassed in this rebellion
    iv. German princes launched tremendous counter attack on peasants
  • May 7, 1529

    The Diet of Speyer

  • May 7, 1530

    The Schmalkadic League

  • Period: May 6, 1533 to May 6, 1536

    Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

    The king wanted to divorce his first wife and the church would not allow it so he started his own church, The Church of England.
  • May 6, 1543

    De Humani Corporis Fabrica

    portrait with a half-dissected cadaver: was an anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica. Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. Gave the world a better understanding of the human body.
  • May 6, 1545

    The Catholic Reformation

    Effective defense against accusations The Jesuits: the society of Jesus
    Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
    An army for Christ- soldiers for Christ
    Two goals: education and missions.By 1556 found 33 colleges by 1700 thousands
    Went about converting old territories
  • May 7, 1555

    Peace of Ausburg

  • May 6, 1561

    Estates General in France,

    Composed by the Three Estates, clergy, nobility, commoners: Those who pray, those who fight, and those who work.
  • Aug 18, 1572

    St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

  • Period: to

    Cardinal Richeliu

    objected to Protestants remaining an independent source of authority that the king could not control. engineered the destruction of the last great Protestant fortress in France. engineered a new plan to avoid the estate’s general. introduced the entandante system in which the government collects taxes through salaried workers. strips the nobility of the power to collect their own taxes and no more syphoning off the top.

  • William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act II, scene 2:

    In this scene Hamlet stirs the internal debate of human dignity.
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    King Charles I

    Tried to rule without parliament. In order to gain money without calling Parliament, he leveed a tax called ship money which allowed the king to take money in times of national emergeency. international emergencies made it impossible to adopt absolutism. Rebellions abroad forced Charles to call Parliament who sent troops instead against the king. King Charles I was beheaded and England was declared a republic.

  • The Copernican System

    Its three great innovations: sol at the center, terra as the third planet, and the outer sphere as immobilis. Esstentially, planets revolve around sun, earth movement, but no star movement.

  • The thirty years war

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    Jean Baptiste-Colbert

    Became the personal advisor to King Louis XIV. He was an extremely competenet administrator. He put in place protective tariffs on trade, building national infrastructure.

  • The siege of La Rochelle

    The last great Protestant fortress in France, run down by Richelieu. It was not about religious toleration but about getting rid of political resistance.

  • The siege of La Rochelle

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    King Louis XIV of France

    He was five years old when he came into power. Due to rebellion, he was forced to flee. This experience of terror seems to have permanently scarred him. when he became on king on his own, he developed absolutism, which means that he came to regard even powerful advisors as unnecessary and dangerous. he declared personal rule. he put himself at the center of the state, declaring himself Sun King.

  • Peace of Westphalia

  • Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

    The natural state of human beings is a state of war of all against all. with the absence of laws, we pursue our own self interests. By voluntarily surrendering our freedom to the sovereign, we receive protection from the harsh warfare.

  • The Royal Society

  • Le Canal du Midi

    ) A state engineering project that connected the Frnech Atlantic coast to the French Mediterranean. Also displays the state power of King Louis XIV. Also an illustration of how there wereLe Canal du MidiCanal du Midibenefits to absolutist power.

  • The Palace of Versailles

    Built by King Louis XIV as a new royal palace not in Paris. Ten miles outside of Paris which was considered the enemy becauuse it was the site of parliament and nobilities mainstays. if the noblemen are forced to come to Versailles, they become a courtier, a symbol for dependency on the king. This is the place where King Louis XIV “domesticated” the nobles.
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    Peter the Great of Russia

    Russia was in isolation from the rest of the world, no trade routes or ports. This means they had no contact with the progress of the Western world, like the Renaissance etc. Peter the Great understood how behind Russia was and sought change. Left Russia and travelled to discover the world’s progress. Spent the next thirty years trying to violently modernize Russia. Famous for cutting off the archaic beards of Russian men on his return to Russia. Did many other things to modernize.

  • The Palace of Versailles Built

  • The Revocation of Edict of Nantes

    Louis XIV had the power to eradicate Protestantism and he did. Revocation of Edict of Nantes made it illegal to practice Protestantism in France. Illustrates the absolute power that King had.
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    King James II of England

    Raised in exile in Versailles and learned to like absolutism. He was also Catholic and was so a Catholic trying to rule over Protestants. He wasn’t only about raising money and constructing infrastructure, but also was a lot about supporting the tiny catholic minority. Dissolved parliament and fired justices who said it was illegal. His reign resulted in the Glorious Revolution.

  • The Revocation of Edict of Nantes

  • The Nine Years War

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    William and Mary

    Were invited to take over government only as long as they take over a government created by the Parliament. During their rule, the Parliament essentially took over. They agreed to take over as long as England would fight against France.
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    The Nine Years War

    War for terrotory

  • Agricultural Revoultion

    : A reorganization of land, beginning at the start of the 18th century, in England to allow it to produce food more efficiently. The improved agricultural techniques allowed for the English population to triple in a century.

  • Jethro Tull

    invented the seed drill which made the yield per seed increase by 8,000%

  • St. Petersberg

    In order to modernize, Peter the great needed ports. In the great Northern War, he successfully conquered the entire Baltic Region and personally oversaw the construction of St. Petersburg which was later named the capital of the Russian Empire. Mirrored the Palace at Versailles and had a lot of French influence. Also shows the attempts to modernize.

  • St. Petersburg Founded

  • Newomen Steam Engine

    first invented to pump the water out of the ground so that underground coal stores could be reached more efficiently
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    James Hutton

    father of modern geology. Argued that rocks were formed under water and there is a continuous cycle. Therefore, Earth must be vastly older than what the Bible said. Refuted static science, implying science changes.
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    Jacques Necker

    Jacques Necker was the finance minister of Louis 16th who contributed to the outbreak of the French Revolution. Released fake finance report that showed France in good shape but actually in debt.
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    Joseph-Ignace Guillotin

    : French physician who proposed the use of Guillotins to carry out death penalties. Guillotins became symbol of death since lots of people were executed with it during the Reign of Terror.
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    Toussaint L’ouverture

    Leader of the Haitian Revolution of the late 18th century where the slaves of Haiti successfully rebelled against Spanish rule. Brought forth under the influence of the French Revolution.
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    Jean-Paul Marat

    A renowned journalist during the French Revolution who denounced counterrevolutionaries through the press and therefore is allied with the Jacobins.
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    Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

    Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes: Author of “what is the third estate” towards the beginning of the French Revolution that mobilized public support for the Revolution. Also adviced Napoleon for his Coup De Tat

  • first installment of the Encyclopedia was published.

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    Maximilien Robespierre

    A leading figure during the French Revolution who brought about the Reign of Terror as an extreme leftist.
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    Georges Jacques Danton

    A leading figure during the French Revolution who was later executed for his moderate approach and leniency to counterrevolutionaries.

  • Rousseau published the “Social Contract”

  • Spinning jenny

    : invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves. Machine that allowed people to spin cloth much faster than with the hand spinner

  • James Watt steam engine

    improvement on the Newcomen engine. The effective use of steam power for getting coal eventually led to the use of steam engines for spinning cloth.

  • Adam Smith publishes “Wealth of Nations.”

  • The meeting of the Estates General

    A meeting of the Estates Generals of the Third Estate in May,1789 to discuss their grievances and plans of action.

  • Abolition of Feudalism

    End of the old regime when King Louis XVI signed to abolish all forms of priviledge and the establishment of the National Assembly in 1789.

  • The Aristocratic Hydra

    The public image given to noblemen and privileged classes during the French Revolution as enjoying special rights and exploiting the people.

  • Women’s March on Versailles

    An event where the women of Paris, along with revolutionaries, stormed into Versailles in 1789 with arms and forcibly returned the King to Paris. Symbolized the end of monarch sovereignty.

  • The Tennis Court Oath

    An oath made in June 17, 1789 where revolutionaries swore not to be disbanded until creating the French Constitution

  • The fall of the Bastille

    A military uprising by the citizens of France in 1789 that was a major breakthrough because Bastille contained weapons and was a symbol of confining freedom.

  • Society of Orders

    Beginning of the French National Assembly in August,1789 that represented the French citizen in a public arena.

  • The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

    Declaration of Rights drafted up by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution that established basic human rights.

  • Bourgeoisie

    (date is arbitrary, this term originated in the late 18th century) The French term for the middle class, emerged during the middle ages, that sought to be recognized not by birth or title, but by capital and property.

  • Civil Constitution of the Clergy

    A constitution issued by the National Assembly in 1789 that provided the French church to be subjected to the state. Making the church a national and civil institution.

  • Jacobin Club

    A moderate revolutionary club that grew into prominence during the French Revolution who eventually became notorious for brining about the Reign of Terror. Came to power in 1793.

  • Planting of Liberty Tree

    a symbol of republic rituals that substituted for old royal rituals during the French Revolution. Such as liberty festival and fountain of regeneration.
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    Luddites

    the Luddites are a part of the early labor movement which emerged as a reaction to the industrial revolution. The Luddite movement lasted from the 1790's to the early teens of the 1800's. To protest the replacement of human labor with machines the Luddites broke the machines that were taking away the labor. However, they were not a purely violent movement. They also negotiated with mill owners for compensation and the gradual introduction of machines into the factories. It was only after these a
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    Patriotic Club of Women

    A women society created during the French Revolution as pioneers of female rights.

  • The return of the king to Paris,

    The recapturing of King Louis XVI after the King’s attempt to escape France and garner support to restore his power in 1791.

  • Committe of Public Safety

    Political body during the French Revolution that was controlled by the Jacobins, who enforced party rule by executing thousands during the Reign of Terror.

  • Execution of Louis XVI

    Execution of Louis Xvi in 1793 that officially ended French Monarchy and symbolized new rule.

  • Decimal Clock of French Revolution

    Included new systems such as the metric system.

  • The revolutionary tribunal

    was established during the French Revolution as a place of trial for political offenders.

  • Friendly Societies

    : friendly societies emerged within the labor movement in reaction to the industrial revolution. They were organizations that had both politcal and social utility. Socially, friendly societies were created to give those disconnected from their traditional communities because of the attraction to factories a new cooperative community. Friendly societies become political in the later part of the 18th century and being to become trade unions which were geared towards securing rights of workers rath
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    The Republican Calender

    a new system of recording time during the French Revolution that reflected the abolishment of the old and adhering of new milestones.
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    Royalist rebellion and counterrevolution

    placed great pressure to leading powers of the French Revolution. Puts pressure in the West.
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    Reign of Terror

    : From September 1793 to July 1794. A bloody rivalry between Girondists and Jacobins led to mass executions of people branded as counterrevolutionaries

  • Execution of Robespierre

    Robespierre was seen as too much of a dictator in 1794 and as a result eventually was executed towards the end of the French Revolution.

  • Coup De Tat

    Return of military General Napoleon Bonaparte that overthrew constitutional government and began dictatorial rule. 1802: Made emperor.

  • Cottonopolis

    nickname given to Manchester, the epicenter of the start of the first Industrial Revolution in the 19th century.

  • Steam powered locomotives

    invention of steam locomotives helped to solve the problem of food shortages. Anywhere that there were tracks could be taken to.

  • Plebiscite

    A common tool of authoritarian leaders where they put a question to popular vote to bypass opposing political figures and legistration. Used by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1802 when he declared himself as emporer.

  • Napoleonic Code

    Legal code set by Napoleon in 1804 that created a uniform law, confirming the abolition of feudal privileges and set conditions for exercising property rights.
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    Charles Darwin

    On the Origins of Species (1859): English Naturalist who came up with the idea of natural selection of traits. Evolution of humans from apes. Related then to Social Darwinism: idea that the superior race (whites) will triumph over inferior races.
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    Karl Marx

    Jewish, son of a lawyer, philosopher and economist. Marx's importance is that he didn't just have a political reaction to industrialization, but he constructed a theory as a response to industrialization. His power was in ideas not in his political organization. Member of bourgeoisie who was sent to England to learn how to be a good captialist but instead went the completely opposite direction, and became an advocate of the worker and their emancipation through means of communism and class solid

  • Peterloo Massacre

    A crowd of nearly 60,000 industrial workers who had gathered to demand the right to vote met in St. Peter's field in Manchester. The local magistrate paniced and called on the government. The government sent in cavalry to attack the demonstrators with their swords out. They killed 15 protestors.themassacre was huge turning in public opinion of England in convincing people that the government was overstepping its bounds and that workers were being bused. And it is largely thanks to the Peterloo
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    Fredrich Engels

    Obviously he was a contributor to the writing of the Communist Manifesto, but he first came to prominence through the publication of his book The Conditions of the Working Class in England when he was 24 in which he commented on the abhorrent conditions of livings that had developed in and surrounding Manchester as a result of people immigrating the city in order to work at the factories.
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    French conquest of Algeria

    France invaded Algiers in 1830, which was partially under Ottoman control at the time. Algiers became a legal part of metropolitan France and not just a colony. Despite not believing in colonization as a republican country, the conquest was used to prove to the world that France was a world power.
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    French conquest of Algeria

    France invaded Algiers in 1830, which was partially under Ottoman control at the time. Algiers became a legal part of metropolitan France and not just a colony. Despite not believing in colonization as a republican country, the conquest was used to prove to the world that France was a world power

  • July Revolution

  • Great Reform Act

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    King Leopold II of Belgium

    Created a dummy corporation in the Congo Free State. He was the chairman and sole stockholder in the International Africa Association, which he advocated as a philanthropic organization, but was actually a barbaric fiefdom system that made rubber.

  • Le Bon Marche

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    First Opium War

    Opium sold to China by English; when China tried to block this trade, British troops forced into and took control over Hong Kong. Paved the way for long term narcotics trade in China.
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    Emile Zola

    J’accuse published 1898)because he supported Dreyfus and wrote an open letter “J’accuse” accusing generals of fabricating false evidence and intentionally suppressing evidence in court.
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    Friedrich Nietzsche

    German philosopher who said God is dead because we have killed him with rationality. All morality is merely a human creation and we must be emancipated from it.

  • protests against Louie-Phillippe’s support of upper class leads to overthrow of monarchies across Europe

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    The Crimean War

    weakened the Russian military.

  • Putting-out system

    form of proto-industrialization. Before the invention of factories. Men would take unspun cloth out to country homes when at times of the year when they weren't as busy and then they would come back after a certain time to collect the spun cloth. The women would be paid according to how much they produce, not how much time they worked for as it would be during the industrial revolution.
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    Sigmund Freud

    Interpretation of Dreams published in 1899): Austrian psychologist who believed that we have a subconscious, which is what governs us. Human will is always shaped by the unconscious mind. Book said that dreams can be interpreted and are urges we are trying to suppress. Affirms that Mr. Hyde is always within us.
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    Joseph Conrad

    / Heart of Darkness (1899): Conrad claims that the beast inside of Europeans lurks within, just like the African savages. Blackness represents savagery, and that Europeans are black as well. Critique of European bourgeoise society.

  • The serfs were emancipated by Tzar Alexander II

    ), leading to many problems because they weren’t given land and were told to buy land back from their former owners. Also, most of the freed serfs were illiterate and didn’t know how to use money.
    Industrialization occurred very late and under tight supervision of the autocratic state, but yielded impressive results such as the rise of railways and the steel industry. The serf population moved to the cities to work. The emancipation of the serfs led to political radicalization as they agitated f

  • Cahiers de Doléances

    of grievances during the beginning of the French Revolution when people of the Third Estate wrote down things they want reformed. Late 18th century.

  • Paris Commune

    It existed before the split between anarchists and Marxists had taken place, and it is hailed by both groups as the first assumption of power by the working class during the Industrial Revolution. Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune contributed to the break between those two political groups.
    In a formal sense, the Paris Commune simply acted as the local authority, the city council (in French, the "commune"), which exercised power in Paris for two months in the spring of 1871.

  • Social Darwinism

    belief that states must purge weakness by eliminating bad genes (bad races)

  • Battle of Kambula

    One battle during the Anglo-Zulu War, in which a Zulu army attacked the British camp at Kambula. Signifies the strife between the Africans and the Imperialists.
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    Benito Mussolini

    Italian fascist leader who gained power in 1921 by displaying strength through marching thugs through streets. Turned Italy into a totalitarian fascists state but didn’t have strong racial hatred of Hitler.

  • Berlin Conference

    Called by Bismarck of Germany, the conference ushered in colonial imperialism in Africa while eliminating African autonomy. To appease conflicts in the Congo, the conference established that the European nation had to effectively govern the colony in order to claim the territory, and not just plant a flag (principle of effectivity). This led to imperial competition in which Africans, not Europeans, were killed.

  • First meeting of the Indian National Congress

    Met in Bombay, with the objective being obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians, though they were not initially opposed to British rule. Later they advocated for Indian Independence against British rule, with Gandhi being a member.

  • The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

    by Robert Louis Stevenson: Best seller novel. idea that there is the beast within: beneat the bourgeois exterior (Dr. Jekyll), there is a dark murderous beast (Mr. Hyde); therefore, it is futile to control the beast and that bourgeois respectability is a fraud. Pessimism regarding bourgeoise society in 19th century.
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    Code de L’indigenat

    a set of laws creating an inferior legal status for natives of French Colonies from 1887 until 1944-47. First employed in Algeria.
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    Adolf hitler

    : Nazi leader who became Reich Chancellor in 1933. Develops totalitarian, authoritarian government by arresting political dissidents, establishing Nazi supremacy in all institutions, and creating SS and secret state police
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    Modernism

    rejection of ideas of stability and tradition. Art critiqued society, refused to smooth over rough edges. The fundamental shift came after WWI when artists became completely disillusioned with society
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    Alfred Dreyfus

    ): Jewish captain of the French army who was wrongly accused of being a spy, passing on information to Germany. Officers fabricated forged documents against him and was sent to prison. Example of anti-semitism (jews = degradation of society). Ultimately sentenced to 5 years even though it was apparent that he was not guilty; led to riots.

  • Cubism

    Early 20th century artistic movement that challenged the idea of a single perspective

  • Russo-Japanese War

    resulted in a Japanese victory and an outcry in Russia for democratic reforms. There were many murders and socialists were jailed. Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg in January 1905. Maxim Gorky says that the revolution has begun and it will be bloody.
    During World War I in Russia, the Germans had invaded Russia. At the same time, there were huge workers’ strikes and food shortages in 1917, as factories stopped operating.

  • Albert Einstein: Theory of relativity

    dismantles classical mechanics

  • Cercle system

    Cercle was the smallest unit of French political administration in the French Colonial Africa that was headed by a European officer. A cercle had several cantons, which consisted of villages. This showed the hierarchy of power in which the colonies operated without direct sovereignty from the mother country.

  • Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

    Pablo Piccaso theYoung Ladies of Avignon: Single most offensive picture ever painted. Shocking, not in a playful way, encouragement of human freedom. Launched cubism and 20th century art, in which abstraction replaced representation.
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    World War I

  • Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated

    assassinated by Serbian terrorist, Gavrilo Princep, on June 18, 1914 because the Balkans, a peninsula in central Europe, were Balkanized: the Slavic Serbs did not want to be a part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, there was a problem of nationalism, and internal problems in the Austro-Hungarian empire. His assassination led to the immediate outbreak of war.
    The “great war” mattered because it was a localized matter that became large-scale, there were a system of alliances in place at the time, it

  • The Battle of Gallipoli

    was a failure of the allied troops to defeat the Ottoman Turks. They attempted a sea attack to conquer Constantinople, which was not like the trenches on the western front. Led to the emergence of an independent nation of Turkey after the downfall of the Ottoman empire.

  • Battle of the Somme

    was a great example of the British and the French entering no-man’s land and getting attacked by Germans with machine guns, leading to mass deaths.

  • Dadaism

    Post WWI artistic spinoff of modernism characterized by complete irrationalism. Had anti-art galleries and believed everything is pointless. Peaked from 1916-1922

  • The Battle of Verdun

    was famous for the use of artillery that emerged fully-grown into the new industrial age. 3 million shells were fired during this battle and bodies were left in trees and throughout the mud of the trenches

  • "Imperialism, The Highest stage of Capitalism"

  • February Revolution

    The strikes in February 1917 led to the February Revolution, which resulted in the czar abdicating his throne intending for a constitutional liberal government.

  • The Battle of Passchendale

    in 1917 was famous for its mud which was churned by shells and became much like quicksand.

  • Communist Arrival to Russia

    Communism arrived in Russia in 1917, in the most unlikely of places because it was very rural and had a small proletariat, nor was there a bourgeois society. In addition, there were an elite intelligencia and an enormous population of unfree serfs.

  • (Russian) October Revolution

    Dual Rule: Duma and Soviets
    o Two parallel govts emerging
    o Duma established an executive council to replace the tsar
    o Soviet representatives from factories, very militaristic
    • The return of Lenin
    o In 1917
    o Lenin insisted that liberalization was not enough
    o All power must be with the Soviets
    o Wants to funnel all resources into a civil war
    o Sets the stage for conflict between Duma and Soviets
    o Russia can skip over the bourgeois stage with an alliance between proletaria
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    “spring offensive

    The German defeat of Russia on the eastern front nearly brought the war to the end, and led to the German “spring offensive” from March to July 1918. This involved a German push westward after Russia’s surrender, using the new resources at hand. The allied counter-offensive proved to be extremely difficult.

  • Paris Peace Conference of 1918

  • Paris Peace Conference of 1918

    while the German people didn’t even realize the war was over. When they found out, they thought they had been sold out to the Jews.
    At the Paris Peace Conference, resulting in the Treaty of Versailles, the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires were broken up and new unsustainable liberal democracies were put in their place. German was forced to surrender Alsace Lorraine to France and Germany was blamed for the war.
    As a result o the war, there were many shell shock patients who were treated with

  • The German Revolution of 1918

    resulted from the sailors’ mutiny in Kiel as a result of a naval assault on the North Sea by the Allies. This led to a socialist revolution in Germany and Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated his throne and socialists took over the Reichstag. A provisional government of social democrats led by Friedrich Ebert came to power and signed an armistice with the allies at the Paris Peace Conference of 1918, while the German people didn’t even realize the war was over. When they found out, they thought they had
  • Period: to

    Russian Civil War

    o Lenin and Trotsky take power and a new form of government forms
    o The end of privledge: no more bourgeoisie
    o Trotsky reorganizes the Red Army
    Making a Communist State
    • The role of the Red Army
    o Organized and led by Trotsky
    o Peasants love the red army for giving them land
    o Red army invades Poland, met violently
    • From “war Communism” to “New Economic Policy”
    o War communism to establish a new economy
    § Industry was nationalized and reorganized
    § Peasants grew food,

  • Treaty of Versailles

    Democratic Western nations undemocratically redraw Eastern Europe as mid-size countries inherently unstable due to multiple national identities. Huge amount of reparation demanded to cripple Germany. Disarmed Germany miliary.

  • Weimar Republic (aka Republic of Germany):

    post WWI German state whose proportional representation allowed splinter parties to get representatives, and provided dictator-like power of the president. Collapsed due to economic problems, inflation (which hurt middle class and provided fodder for Nazi nationalism and blaming Jewish bankers)

  • Nazi

    Anti-communist nationalist party believing in social welfare for middle class and strong racism (esp. against Jews). Gained power due to Weimar Republic’s economic failure.

  • Surrealsim

    Ideological, then artistic spinoff of Dadaism starting in 1920s that painted the unreal because reality isn’t worth painting. Rejected the possibility of Western Civilization’s redemption.

  • Fashism

    European ideological and political movement that rejects idea of peace itself. Believed in violence and strength through unity. Authoritarian, totalitarian, and anti-socialist. Supported Social Darwinism and garnered power by hiring mobs.

  • James Joyce, Ulysses

    Written by James joyce. rejects bourgeois rationalism with an incoherent narration

  • Beer Hall Putsch

    failed coup by Nazis, Hitler and friends imprisoned.

  • The beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad

  • Period: to

    Stalinism

    The Five Year Plans
    o Communist state must be organized by and for its proletariat
    o Industry needs to be jumpstarted into the 20th c
    o Soviet industry increased 100 times
    o Steel production “man of steel”
    o Communist Saturdays, work on Saturdays
    o New working class hero, Alexey Stakhanov
    • Collectivization
    • Purges
    o Kirov, leader of the Leningrad Communist Party was assassinated
    o Stalin used this to kill all other high ranking Communists in the govt
    o Stalin wanted to ki

  • Alan Berg, Wozzeck

    first atonal opera
  • Period: to

    Third Reich

    Nazi-led German fascist state that was a model modern state (people obedient to state). See Hitler
  • Period: to

    Nazi Concentration Camps

    places to put undesirable people (originally Commies, then racially dangerous people). Became an industrial death camp as an efficient way to kill millions (Zyklon B, cremation ovens).

  • Reoccupation of hte Rhineland

  • Spanish Civil War

    Internal struggle of nationalist rebels (victorious) led by Francisco Franco and supported by fascists against republican socialists supported by USSR. Included civilian bombings.

  • British appeasement of HItler by Neville Chamberlain

  • Germany invades the Sudetenland

  • The Siege of Leningrad

  • Soviet coutner-attack

  • Wannsee Conference

    German conference where Nazis decide death camps are “final solution"

  • Operation Overlord

  • Dresdon, Dresdon Firestorm

  • Hitler Suicide

  • Hiroshima

  • The fall of Germany

  • First Soviet Atomic Bomb

  • First Hydrogen Bomb

  • First hydrogen Bomb

  • The French invade the Suez

  • Dr. Franz Fanon publishes "the Wretched of the Earth"

  • Imperialism, The Highest stage of Capitalism

  • Sarajevo Winter Olympics

  • The Hungarian border opens

  • The Berlin Wall is brought down

  • Rwandan Genocide

    Culmination of longstanding ethnic competition and tension between the minority Tutsi (whom the British deemed as superior) and the minority Hutus, who had come into power. This led to mass murder of an estimated 800,000 people in Rwanda

  • The Founding of the Holy Roman Empire

    the coronation of Charlemagne, December 25, 800: refers to a ceremony in which the ruler of Europe's then largest political entity received the Imperial Regalia at the hands of the Pope, symbolizing the pope's alleged right to crown Christian sovereigns, and the emperor's role as protector of the Roman Catholic Church.
  • Period: to May 6, 1492

    La Reconquista

    This period lasted about 700 years. Long Christian conquest over the Muslims. In the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim Al-Andalus province.
  • Period: to

    Saxony within the Holy Roman Empire

    historical heart of German-speaking Europe, the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium. It has been a medieval duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom and, since 1918, a republic.