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Timeline (1600-1800)
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Palace coup
A coup took place to kick the Spanish monarchy out after 60 years of rule of the Habsburgs. King John IV took the reigns of Portugal and it was the start of a long and costly battle for freedom from Spanish rule. -
Early Stages (Portuguese Restoration War)
The Spanish were at war with France and as well as rebellions from Catalonia and Portugal. Spanish thought they would get a quick victory and sent men into the frontier. They lost the advantage due to their commander taking comfort in the camp. the Portuguese would counter in late 1641 but it failed leading the fight into a stalemate. -
The 3 Stages (Portuguese Restoration War)
The Portuguese restoration war is summed up in 3 parts. The early stages (1664-1646) where the Portuguese made engagements that has shown they are not to be easily taken into submission. the long period (1646-1660) where its standoffs and raiding. this was also when Spain had other commitments elsewhere. The final Period (1660-1668) where Spanish king Philip IV failed at a major engagement which led to a end of the hostilities. Its the process of events that Portugal gone through to be free. -
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Portuguese Restoration War
The Portuguese had quite enough from the Spanish and sought to rule as a independent nation. For them they had the support of many enemies of the Spanish to support the neighboring country to be recognized as a independent. The event in the larger picture played similar to the american revolution that proceed it afterwards. the reward was a nation free of a crown to govern for themselves. -
Taking of Dublin pt.1 (Irish uprising of 1641)
The Irish resenting towards the protestant settlers which was exacerbated by The economic rescission and poor harvest. inspired by the Bishop wars, Catholics like Rory O'More, Lord Conor Maguire and Hugh MacMahon as well as other catholics plotted to start a rebellion to recover the lands they lost. the plan would be set on Oct 23 despite being on a market day. -
Taking of Dublin pt.2 (Irish uprising of 1641)
What was supposed to be a force of two hundred men to take over, only eighty of them showed up. Lord Maguire was to postpone it for the following day. Hugh MacMahon tried to recruit his foster brother but he turned on him and reported the conspiracy to the authorities. it backfired on them and what was supposed to be a bloodless coup turned into war. -
Uprisings (Irish Uprising of 1641)
After the events of Dublin, a proclamation was made by Sir Phelim O'Neill declaring the insurgents were "taking arms only for defense and liberty of themselves and Irish natives" (BCW Project). the intent wasn't to harm the king and his subjects but that resentment grew into violence towards the settlers. Many Protestants were robbed of their lands and homes aflame. It escalated to the point of mass killings. -
Uprisings pt.2 (Irish Uprising of 1641)
A notable event was the massacre in portadown where about 100 men,women and children were maimed and thrown into the River bann. Within days of the uprising, the rebels took control of large areas in Tyrone, Armagh and Down. The Rebellion spread to the entire country by spring of 1462. -
Uprisings pt.3 (Irish Uprising of 1641)
With all these massacres against the protestants left thousands dead in the rebellion. many of which fled to England and spread of them provoked fear among the people. at first the rebellion was anarchic but later became organized when the Confederate Assembly of Kilkenny was inaugurated. This was form from an unlikely alliance between the Gaelic Irish and old English aristocracy. They soon played a part that brought the end of Oliver Cromwell's subjugation of Ireland 3 years later. -
Takeaway (Irish Uprising of 1641)
Though very bloody and complex, the Irish are prideful people of course and share those catholic beliefs. Was very clear that the resentment towards the protestants would fuel that rebellion. the freedom of that was the to reclaim their values during a time that the English crown was mostly protestant. -
First English civil War (english revolution)
The clash between the royalist and parliamentarians. it was a stalemate despite recruiting thousands of men to fight which they both struggle to do early one. much of the landscape were dominated by skirmishes and sieges while trying to hurt each other economic and maintaining their own. one key city to wind the war is London but King Charles I fails consistently in capturing the city. -
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English Revolution (English Civil War)
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first English civil War pt.2 (English Revolution)
The stalemate kept going until the Round-heads triumph at Battle of Marston Moor. it deprived the king of the two field armies it has. Parliament gained the advantage and by 1645, the were to create a centralized army with funding and direction to go with it. After their victory at Battle of Naseby, the were to win battles effectively forcing King Charles to surrender. The surrender symbolized that parliament and the people aren't to be supressed. -
Battle of Montijo (Early stages) (Portuguese Restoration War)
Spanish mercenaries and troops were to attack under the command by the Neapolitan marquis of Torrecusa. they were stopped at Montijo by the Portuguese lead by the Matias de Albuquerque who rose to prominence in the war. Where the Spanish falter is where the Portuguese gained in the war. Though the start wasn't very ideal, they gained ground stopping the Spanish from overtaking them. -
Long Period (Portuguese Restoration War)
Portugal was able to finance itself due to taxing on the spice trade over in Asia and sugar trade in Brazil. Portugal also saw support from Spain opponents that of Holland, France and England. Its treaty with England. That Was helpful for them despite the domestic problems it had noting the death of King John IV in 1656. This was important for them to have some financial support to keep fighting. war is expensive so it was smart of Portugal to find some income to keep off Spain. -
Cromwell's rise (English Revolution)
King Charles I death and Charles II succession mark a new tone for the civil war. the third civil war fought mostly in Scottish grounds. Oliver Cromwell came in and invaded Scotland in 1650 and had a run in with the Scots at Dunbar and won spectacularly. The Scots went to raise another army and made a run for England. The goal was to capture London but didn't materialize when defeated at Worcester by Cromwell's army. Charles II fled to France leaving Cromwell to take over England ending the war. -
Takeaway (English Revolution)
The battles of the kingdoms lead to a end where a government rules all. what resides the bloody battles would entail a English democracy free from the the monarchy it once was for a period of time and the English are a ease for the time being. -
Final Period (Portuguese Restoration War)
in 1652 Spain had ended hostilities with Catalonia so their focus was now on Portugal. The problem was they lacked the men, resources and leadership to achieve that. Spain were to commit all they to put a end to the rebellion in 1662. Spain fought in Alemtejo and took control of the key city of Evora the next year. Portugal with massive support from its allies were able to turn it around and push the Spanish back abandoning Evora and retreat to the border. -
Final Period pt.2 (Portuguese Restoration War)
1665 would be the next major engagement and the final one at that. Montes Claros is where the battle take place where Spain suffer a heavy loss. over 10 thousand men and prisoners when Portuguese infantry broke through the Spanish Calvary. After the Victory in Montes Claros, the Franco-Portuguese treaty was singed in 1667. This forced Spain to Officially recognize Portugal's independence in 1668. -
Takeaway (Portuguese Restoration War)
The war acted very similar to what would the American revolution would be in the future. A country seeking to rid itself of its neighboring nation and govern independently. Like all wars, this would be bloody but the cost to govern themselves outweigh being under Spanish rule. The support they gained help them stay afloat financially and in combat shows faith of the Portuguese to win this war. -
Indian raids and retaliation. (Bacon's Rebellion)
The Indians tribe were the scapegoat which the colonists felt threaten by. some quarrels occurred which would triggered the events of the uprising. A dispute between Thomas Mathew and the Doeg tribe prompted the doeg to steal from Mathew's farm. Many Doeg Indian were killed in response. The Virginia militia retaliated by raiding but mistakenly attacked friendly Indians. this would ensure more violence and handling it brought conflict among settlers and its where Bacon Stepped in. -
Jamestown (Bacon's Rebellion)
Bacon was captured and forced to take up on his seat arriving into Jamestown. plead his commission once more and was denied again was well as expelled from the council again. He would return with an army behind him surrounding the statehouse. Berkeley confronted Bacon, threatened Bacon to shoot him in that confrontation. what ultimately occurred was Governer Berkeley surrendering to Bacon and his demands and pardoning him. it made him lose control and it spiraled into war. -
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Bacon's Rebellion
Considered one of the first uprising that was a precursor to the american revolution. A rather confusing part of Virginia history since there are debates as to the reason for this rebellion. In this context would entail the conflict between Nathan Bacon and Governor Berkeley and its impact on Virginia. -
Declaration of war (Bacon's Rebellion)
The general declared war on hostile tribe and added provisions to make trade with friendly tribes. because of this, this would restrict trading to those who are friends of Berkeley. Bacon wanted more aggressive approach in which Berkeley denied. Bacon rally a volunteer militia and proceeded to raid, loot and kill despite Berkeley's refusal. Berkeley denounced Bacon and label him a rebel and was removed from the council. -
"Declaration in the name of the people" (Jamestown pt.2) (Bacon's Rebellion)
After Berkeley submitted to Bacon's demands, he issued the "declaration in the name of the people". This was aimed towards Berkeley the elite governing Virginia. The charges mention were corruption, negligence and unjust taxes onto the common people for private gain and agendas. He campaigned continuously while Berkeley attempted to take back Jamestown. Bacon sieges the town and forced Berkeley to flee once more. -
Burning of Jamestown (Jamestown Pt.3) (Bacon's Rebellion)
Bacon understanding he couldn't either hold the capital of Jamestown of risk losing it; burning the town is the only option. On september 19, he did just that. The fire set ablaze houses, churches and the statehouse. the reasoning was to prevent Berkeley to consolidate anything of use to him to stop Bacon. This was the tipping point that encapsulate Bacon as a patriot leading into the revolution. -
Bacon's death and the aftermath (Bacon's rebellion)
very abruptly, Bacon died of dysentery and mysteriously his body wouldn't be found. not aware of his death, King Charles II issued a royal Proclamation putting down the rebellion with a fleet and commissioners to handle the issue. Berkeley regained control with some fighting along the way. For Berkeley, having hung 23 rebel leaders, commissioners accused Berkeley of excessive punishment and seizure of land without due process for personal gain. -
Bacon's death and the aftermath pt.2 (Bacon's rebellion)
Berkeley Returned to England to defend himself in front of the King. Unfortunately due to his poor health, Berkeley died on July 1677 before telling his side of the story. -
Takeaway (Bacon's Rebellion)
As mentioned it was a precursor to what would be the american revolution. the way governor Berkeley handled was against the people and they felt that something should be done. Bacon was that ignite despite the violence that took place. He rallied the people to fight against the state and the men that worked under the crown to free themselves of the unfairness they been dealing with. Bacon brought a change that would inspired men years down the road to take arms and fight back. -
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Age of Enlightenment
It is the era where free thinking took place. it follows on where the scientific revolution left off and brought great change and new ideas. it was a movement that challenged society in these categories: role in government, human nature, and authority and centralizing liberty. the Enlightenment would influence for future nations for better or worse. -
Romanticism
one of the responses of the enlightenment is the romantics of the arts, literature and music. This is a counter to the rational thinking that of the enlightenment. Romantics focused on the individual, irrational and emotional in their works. A common characteristic of is the state of nature. Personifying nature as a being that respond from the actions of people whether its displeased or otherwise. many works use this as a basis for express to respond to the world around them. -
Results of Enlightenment
For much of the late 18th brought many events influenced by the enlightenment. Revolutions that followed would use the ideal of these enlightened thinkers and use it as a basis for operating their government. American Revolution uses the work of Locke and cited "life, liberty and property" and reword it as "life, liberty and pursuit of happiness" into their declaration. Much to their credit to send a message to cut tie to the crown for freedom. -
Results of Enlightenment Pt.2
French revolution was to see these ideas come forth since France is the birthplace the enlightenment. the Works of Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu had their role in how the revolution played out. though these men were considered criminals, they were able to challenge the class structure that was in place. Though the path for a democracy was bloody, its what the people believed in and want to achieve. -
Britain in the Revolution (industrial Revolution)
the early years were confined in Britain. understanding how ahead they are from the other countries. Innovations that of mechanization made the textile industry more efficient that factories could meet demand domestically and abroad. Britain forbade the export of these workers, techniques and machinery but opportunities were too good to pass up. Britain for the longest were the move advanced, the start they had would influence eastward in Europe bringing economic growth for everyone. -
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Industrial Revolution
A era where things ramped up with booming economies in Euroe. Many inventions and quality of life improvements were made to further advance society. the Industrial Revolution also occurs around the same time as many other revolution would begin. but this would focus on the quality of life changes and right of people. -
Steam engine (industrial Revolution)
A key invention that would make Britain more efficient. though it was made in the early 1700s by Thomas Newcomen, James Watt was the man to modernize it with the addition of a water condenser for more efficiency. Collaborating with Matthew Boulton, they were to create the engine with a rotary motion. this technology would spread to many industries. This would also make transportation more important for good moving forward -
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American Revolution
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Boston Tea Party (American Revolution)
The Boston Tea party was a political protest that served as a act of defiance against the crown. Taxes were the cause with the stamp act of 1765 and townshend acts of 1767. This causes taxes on the essentials the colonists used. They were all repealed except for the tea act which is issued on may of 1773. The sons of Liberty rallied against the British east India company ships bringing in the tea. the morning they the people voted to refuse paying the tax. -
Boston Tea Party Pt.2 (American Revolution)
The governor ordered that the tax be paid but to no avail and no compromise was made. the night Samuel Adams and the sons of liberty disguised as native Americans went in and threw 342 crates of tea into the harbor. the water were covered in leaves and it was known that the colonist weren't willing to the crown's bidding. they sought what is best for them and high taxes wasn't one of them. -
Economic Growth/ urbanization (industrial Revolution)
Banks and industrial financiers rose to relevancy as well as factory systems depending on its owners and managers. London would make its own stock exchange in the 1770s before the New York exchange opened in the 1790s. A key figure in this would be Adam Smith who would write the "Wealth of Nations". Smith was coined the "father of economics" and promoted free enterprise, private ownership for mean of production and lack of gov interference in the publishing which setup a modern economy. -
Declaration of independence (American Revolution)
The Document that declared that the colonies wished to be free and independent states. To remove themselves from the royal crown and disconnect of any political ties to them. This birth the fight of a nation seeking to break away from a body that oversees them. They sought govern themselves and shape their own country as the people see fit -
Economic Growth/ urbanization pt.2 (industrial Revolution)
Though many people were moving from rural areas to the city, the revolution accelerated that process. A Large factory would develop small town into large scale cities within decades. Challenges of urbanization would be overcrowding, large pollution leading to poor hygiene and a lack of clean water. these were the drawbacks for rapid urbanization but in turn gave economic growth for the people despite some struggling. -
Surrender at Yorktown (American Revolution)
The surrender at Yorktown marked both an end and a beginning. General Cornwallis, a capable general for the British surrender to Washington at Yorktown after sieges proved too much for the general. The Americans forced themselves into the fortified postilion was in and back up arrived but was too late for Cornwallis to be recused. A surrender ceremony happened but Cornwallis was absent citing illness. For Washington's army, it would be the end of a long war and beginning of a brighter future. -
Aristocratic Revolt (French Revolution)
Charles-Alexandre de Calonne became general of finances for France. he arranged a summons with a assembly of notables and proposed higher taxes on the wealthy to curb the budget deficit. the assembly didn't want to take part in the reforms calling the estates-general (everyone). The reforms made by Calonne's successors were pushed back and starry a revolt from the aristocracy. much unrest in many parts of France and made King Louis XVI yield. -
Aristocratic Revolt pt.2 (French Revolution)
King Louis XVI appointed Jacques Necker as the finance minister. Jacques granted freedom of press in his practice. This cause France to be littered with pamphlets addressing reconstructing the state. the revolt from the aristocracy sets the tone for what would trickle down in the general population. while their goal was to not pay more taxes they felt that the problems cause concern not for just them but for everyone. -
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French Revolution
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The Great Fear (French Revolution)
Problems insured with food shortages reached it tipping point in 1788. what tipped the scales what the conspiracy that sent the third estate into a panic. The conspiracy was the king and the aristocracy were to overthrow the third estate. The panic turned into action and the partisan crown took over Bastille. the Bastille was a symbol of tyranny and the crowd proved that they demand change. the peasants rebel against their lords and struck fear to the nobles and bourgeois. -
Background about Haiti (Haitian Revolution)
Haiti was once under French control and it was its wealthiest colony. This was due to its large production of goods that of sugar, coffee, indigo, and cotton. This scale of production was generated with a large enslaved labor force (Sutherland, 2007). At the time, the number of slaves outnumbered that of their white counterparts. Haiti had a history of slave revolts where strength in numbers would lead to their victory. -
Legislation from The General Assembly (Haitian Revolution)
French inspiration brought about a number of Haitian- born revolutionary movements. The general assembly passes legislation to give autonomy at the local level. The goal was to keep them within their colonial domain but for Haiti cause a 3-way civil war between the planters, freed blacks, and petit Blancs. The real group that challenged them were the enslaved blacks. -
Excise Tax (Whiskey Rebellion)
The excise Tax was proposed by Alexander Hamilton in 1791. This was due to the debt the US is suffering post revolutionary war. considering Hamilton was a Federalist, this was argued from anti-federalist like Thomas Jefferson but the legislation was passed regardless. The goal of the legislation was to lessen the financial burden for a easier recovery. -
Response to the Excise Tax (whiskey Rebellion)
When word spread westward to Pennsylvania, residents voice their displeasure and refused to pay that tax. the view was the eastern elite dictating policies that negatively affect Americans at the frontier. Farmers viewed it as a abuse of authority since they rely on crops like corn, rye, and grain to profit. Reasoning was shipping eastward was dangerous due to poor storage and hazardous roads. Distilling of grain into liquor was easier to preserve and store. The tax makes it expensive to ship. -
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Haitain Revolution
The Haitain Revolution was brought up following the revolutions prior. What sets itself apart was who led them, which were the slaves of the French colony. Considered the most successful slave rebellion which brought many ends to the nation. -
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Toussaint L'Ouverture (Haitian Revolution)
Toussaint L'Ouverture was the key leader that helped the enslaved rebel the planters in august of 1791. The following year, they controlled a third of the island and fought back against the french and british (1793) from taking over. In doing so they abolished slavery and reliefed themselves of french control making Haiti independent. He was symbol and gave direction on what is right fighting a racist society. -
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Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion as a whole was a response against the excise tax proposed by Alexander Hamilton. The residents saw this as unfair policy making from the elites of the east that affect them negatively. -
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Reign of Terror (French Revolution)
The period of the revolution where the government made "terror" the order of the day. Harsh punishment taken to those who are suspected of being enemies of the state. This was under the committee of public safety spearheaded by Robespierre. to much of its success it did rid itself of its enemies and took it far. The committee revoked the right of a fair trial and lawyers. Trials were with juries where the only sentence was death. -
Whiskey Rebellion
in 1792, Washington wanted to settle the matter peacefully. He sent a national proclamation warning westerners of refusing the tax. this didn't go well and in 1794, the protest went violent. 400 whiskey rebels set fire to John Neville's (tax collection supervisor) home in Pittsburgh. It left Washington no choice but to organize a militia force of 12,950 men to handle the matter. this would create the desired affect and end the rebellion all together. -
Reign of Terror pt.2 (French Revolution)
(pt.1 is on a timespan) Number were large with over 300k suspects arrested, 170k were executed and 10k died in prison due to illness. the terror ended when Robespierre was shot in the council room and later executed. This part of the revolution was a setback despite the overthrowing the monarchy. The committee devolved into what it was fighting against and paid the price. the people in fairness saw freedom but later find that to be false. they did push back and reclaim what is their freedom. -
Takeaway (French Revolution)
It was a really bloody movement from start to finish. It was a bubble waiting to pop and release the frustrations people have about France at the time. Its was deconstruction and reconstruction where natural rights and liberty were at the center thanks to the enlightenment. like all monarchies, it was on a timer before the people seek to liberate themselves and create a government of their own. The revolution serves as a lesson for future governments to follow or learn for better or worse. -
Takeaway (whiskey Revolution)
The westerners in the frontier saw a situation that was bad and this tax made it hard to earn money to profit. From their view its justified to not enact on the tax since shipping cost was high. since they fought against the British crown, they felt compelled to fight against it and prevent another abuse of authority. Though the rebellion was cut short, they did get what they wanted years later with the repeal. the rebellion was nothing short of a plead to prevent the people to be in ruins. -
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Aftermath (Whiskey Rebellion)
By the Time the Militia arrive to Pennsylvania, the rebels have dispersed and most were not found. about of 150 men were arrested and tried for treason. two men John Mitchell and Philip Weigel were found guilty but were pardoned by Washington. As for the tax, Thomas Jefferson repealed the excise tax on whiskey in 1802. -
Takeaway (Haitian Revolution)
The Haitian revolution brought a group that was oppressed and took inspiration from the rights of man of man and ran with it. It was convenient timing that The french were going through its own revolution and gave inspiration for the slaves to free themselves. Though it was rather bloody (as most revolutions are), it was worth it that they are not just possessions and are actually men and women of equal footing and that is what they achieved. -
Sources (image and text) 1
Ohlmeyer, Jane H. “English Civil Wars.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 8 Aug. 2019, www.britannica.com/event/English-Civil-Wars.
Sutherland, Claudia. “Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) • Global African History •.” • Global African History •, 24 Oct. 2019,
Wallace, Willard M. “American Revolution.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 14 Nov. 2019, www.britannica.com/event/American-Revolution. -
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“Social and Political Impact of the First Phase of the Industrial Revolution.” Industrial Revolution Reference Library, Encyclopedia.com, 14 Feb. 2020, www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/social-and-political-impact-first-phase-industrial-revolution.
“The Irish Uprising, 1641.” The Irish Uprising, 1641, bcw-project.org/church-and-state/confederate-ireland/the-irish-uprising. -
Sources (image and text) 5
“Whiskey Rebellion.” George Washington's Mount Vernon, www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/whiskey-rebellion/.
“Restoration, Portuguese War of (1640–1668).” Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, Encyclopedia.com, 3 Mar. 2020, www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/restoration-portuguese-war-1640-1668. -
Sources (image and text) 6
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Romanticism.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 19 Nov. 2019, www.britannica.com/art/Romanticism. -
Sources (image and text) 3
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “French Revolution.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 3 Feb. 2020, www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Reign of Terror.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 24 Jan. 2020, www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror.
“Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia in the Years 1675 & 1676.” Virginia Museum of History & Culture, 17 Sept. 2019, www.virginiahistory.org/node/2292. -
Attack and take of the Crête-à-Pierrot
The Haitian Revolution 1791, library.brown.edu/haitihistory/5.html.
Sutherland, Claudia. “Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) • Global African History •.” • Global African History •, 24 Oct. 2019, -
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“Delegates Sign Declaration of Independence.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 13 Nov. 2009, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/delegates-sign-declaration-of-independence.
History.com Editors. “Boston Tea Party.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 27 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-tea-party.
