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500
Ancient Civilations
Middle Ages: smallpox,diphtheria, measles, influenza, tuberculosis, rabies, scabies, leprosy. The Late Middle Ages was the period of European history generally comprising the 14th to the 16th century (c. 1300–1500). The Late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern era (and, in much of Europe, the Renaissance). Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, such as the Great Famine of 1315–1 -
Period: 500 to
Global Health: Timeline
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542
PLAGUE OF JUSTINIAN
Asia to Ireland
The Plague of Justinian (AD 541–542) was a pandemic that afflicted the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire), including its capital Constantinople. It has been claimed as one of the greatest plagues in history. The cause of the pandemic has been confirmed to be bubonic plague,[1] and recent research confirms that it was bubonic plague related to both present and medieval plague infections.[2] The plague's social and cultural impact during the Justinian period has been compared -
Jul 22, 1100
FIRST HOSPITAL
First hospitals in Europe were established
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and is sometimes called the Age of the Cistercians. In Song Dynasty China an invasion by Jurchens causes a political schism of north and south. The Khmer Empire of Cambodia flourished during this century, while the -
Jul 22, 1346
BLACK DEATH
Black Death Kills 25 Million in Europe
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, killing an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in the years 1348–50 CE.[1][2][3] Although there were several competing theories as to the etiology of the Black Death, recent analysis of DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe indicates that the pathogen responsible was the Yersinia pestis bacterium probably causing several forms of plague.[4][5] The Bl -
Jul 22, 1348
FIRST QUARANTINE
First Quarantine in Venice
Quarantine "is used to separate and restrict the movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease to see if they become ill.".[1] The term is often erroneously used synonymously with isolation, which is "to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease from those who are healthy.".[2] The word comes from the Italian (seventeenth-century Venetian) quaranta, meaning forty, which is the number of days ships are required to be isolated be -
Jul 22, 1400
COLONIAL ERA BEGINS
Colonial Era Begins and disease spreads. -influenza, measles, typhus, smallpox -cholera, syphilis, dysentery, malaria, sleeping sickness
Disease in colonial America was a very dangerous unknown entity with very few remedies at the beginning of Colonial America. Throughout Colonial America many diseases came, some deadly and others treatable but all had in common, that they were the first diseases that were seen by the new country. The most common way to purge one of any disease was blood letting -
Jul 22, 1552
CODEX BADIANUS
CODEX BADIANUS
Codex Badianus - Compendium of medicinal herbs from Latin America (Aztecs), and interest in other accent traditions.
The Badianus Manuscript, (Codex Barberini, Latin 241) an Aztec Herbal of 1552, was discovered at the Vatican Library in 1929 by Professor Charles U. Clark. The manuscript was bound in 16th century crimson velvet and is the earliest treatise on Mexican medicinal plants and native remedies which has ever come down to us. It is the work of two Aztec Indians, Martinus -
CURE FOR MALARIA
Jesuits learn indigenous cure for malaria in South America - Cinchona Bark -- Quinine.
The medicinal properties of the cinchona tree were originally discovered by the Quechua peoples of Peru and Bolivia, and long cultivated by them as a muscle relaxant to halt shivering due to low temperatures. The Jesuit Brother Agostino Salumbrino (1561–1642), an apothecary by training and who lived in Lima, observed the Quechua using the quinine-containing bark of the cinchona tree for that purpose. While its -
URBAN SANITATION TO EUROPE
Enlightenment brings urban sanitation and water systems to European cities (Paris, then others)
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywate -
SMALL POX CAMPAIGN
Charles IV sends smallpox campaign out to Spanish Empire
The New World was ravaged by smallpox for several centuries after the Spanish conquest. Jenner's discovery of the smallpox vaccine made possible the prevention and control of smallpox epidemics. In response to a large outbreak of smallpox in the Spanish colonies, King Charles IV appointed Francisco Xavier de Balmis to lead an expedition that would introduce Jenner's vaccine to these colonies. During the journey, the vaccine was kept viable -
FIRST INTERNATIONAL SANITARY CONFERENCE
First International Sanitary Conference (international cooperation regarding quarantine to prevent cholera and other problems)
International Sanitary Conferences The French Government initiated and hosted the first of 14 International Sanitary Conferences in 1851 to standardize international quarantine regulations against the spread of cholera, plague, and yellow fever. During the 19th century, however, lengthy debates focused mainly on cholera. Among the topics discussed were microbial versus -
MEDICAL DISCOVERIES
Medical discoveries, vaccines, health education
1879First vaccine for cholera 1881First vaccine for anthrax 1882First vaccine for rabies 1890Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines. 1895German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers X rays. 1896First vaccine for typhoid fever. 1897Ronald Ross, a British officer in the Indian Medical Service, demonstrates that malaria parasites are transmitted via mosquitoes, although French army su -
YELLOW FEVER
Yellow Fever and Malaria control: Panama (William Crawford Gorgas)
The Gorgas Memorial Institute of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Incorporated (GMITP), which operated the Gorgas Laboratories in Panama, was founded in 1921 and was named after Dr. Gorgas. With the loss of congressional funding in 1990, the GMITP was closed. The Institute was moved to the University of Alabama in 1992 and carries on the tradition of research, service and training in tropical medicine. The Gorgas Course in Clini -
HEALTH PROGRAMS
immunizations, disease specific programs.
Infectious disease knows no boundaries, especially in today’s increasingly mobile world. When diseases—including vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs)—break out anywhere in the world, their spread to the United States is only a plane flight away. For example, in 2011, there were 220 reported cases of measles in the United States. 200 of the 220 cases were brought into the United States from other countries with measles outbreaks. External Web Site IconCDC -
SMALL POX ERADICATION
Small Pox Eradication
When a disease stops circulating in a region, it’s considered eliminated in that region. Polio, for example, was eliminated in the United States by 1979 after widespread vaccination efforts. If a particular disease is eliminated worldwide, it’s considered eradicated. To date, only one infectious disease that affects humans has been eradicated. In 1980, after decades of efforts by the World Health Organization, the World Health Assembly endorsed a statement declaring smallp -
PEPFAR
PEPFAR and others launch global HIV/AIDS treatment initiative
The U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is the U.S. Government initiative to help save the lives of those suffering from HIV/AIDS around the world. This historic commitment is the largest by any nation to combat a single disease internationally, and PEPFAR investments also help alleviate suffering from other diseases across the global health spectrum. PEPFAR is driven by a shared responsibility among donor and par -
UN HIGH LEVEL MTG
UN High level Mtg on Non-Communicable Diseaes
The four main noncommunicable diseases - cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung diseases and diabetes - kill three in five people worldwide, and cause great socioeconomic harm within all countries, particularly developing nations. The decision by the United Nations General Assembly to convene a High-Level Meeting on NCDs on 19-20 September 2011 presents a unique opportunity for the international community to take action against the epidemic, s -
SMALL POX VACCINE
Smallpox was an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor.[1] The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, derived from varius ("spotted") or varus ("pimple"). The disease was originally known in English as the "pox"[2] or "red plague";[3] the term "smallpox" was first used in Britain in the 15th century to distinguish variola from the "great pox" (syphilis).[4] The last naturally occurring case of smallp -
POLIO FINISH LINE
Polio incidence nears the finish line
The CDC announced on June 8th that they are almost at the finish line of global polio eradication. LINK HERE. They’ve not had a case of wild polio since January 13, 2011. Whoopee! But they still have plenty of paralysis. In fact they have more and more every year. AND …children with non-polio Acute Flaccid Paralysis(AFP), the new name for polio, are at more than twice the risk of dying than those with wild polio infection! In fact, more oral polio vaccine ha
