-
Period: to
Life of Maximilen Robespierre
He was a lawyer from Northern France who laid out the principles of a republic of virtue and of terror. His arrest and execution brought an end to this terror. -
Period: to
Anne-Louise- Germaine de Stael
She was the daughter of Louis XVI's chief minister and was the best known expatriate. She was a French rider and was exiled fr her works on novels such as "Corinne" and "Germany," both of which were banned in France. -
Period: to
Ludwig Von Beethoven
A German coposer, he helped establish the direction for musical romanticism. His music used recurring themes to convey the impression of natural growth. -
Period: to
Sir Walter Scott
A proloific author of popular historical novels, he collcted and published traditional Scottsh ballads and wrote poetry. -
Period: to
Reign of King Gustavus III
In sweden Gustavus III was assassinated by a nobleman who claimed that the king had violated his oath and declared himself an enemy of the realm. His son was convinced that the French jacobins had sanctioned his father's assassination. -
Period: to
Klemens Von Metternich
An Austrian prince who took the lead in devising the settlement arranged by the Congress of Vienna. -
Period: to
Louis XVI Reign
The FrenchKing who was tried and found guilty of treason was executed in January 21st 1793. He was married to Marie Antoinette. -
Period: to
Simon Bolivar
The European educated son of a slave owner who became one of the leaders of the Latin American independance movement in the 1820s. Bolivia is named aftr him. -
The Fall of the Bastille
After Jaques Nicker, the popular finance minister was dismissed from his post, the common people began to arm themselves and attack places where either grains or arms were thought to be stored. AN armed crowd marched on the Bastille, the fortified prison that symbolized royal authority. After a chaotic battle, prision officials surrendered. Bastille Day is now a holiday. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
The preamble to the french constitution established the sovergnity of the nation and equal for citizens. -
Noble deputies announe willingness to give up tax exemptions and dues
By the end of the night dozens of deputies had come to the podium to relinquish tax exemptions of their own professional groups, towns or provinces. They declared this the "feudal regime" meaning the remaining serfs were freed and all matters were eliminated in taxation, on dues and land. -
Womens March to Versailles
a crowd of several thousand women marched in rain for twleve miles from the center of Paris to Versailles. They demanded the king's help in securing more grain for the hungry in reassurance that he did not intend to resist the emerging revolutionary movement. The monarchy was moved back to Paris. -
Period: to
Monarchy to Republic
The French republic tried to establish a constitutional monarchy based on enlightenment ideals. This effort failed when the king attempted to raise a counterrevolutionary army. When war broke out in 1792, new tensions culminated in second revolution on August 10 1792 that deposed the king nd established a republic i which all powere rested in a elected legislature. -
Passing of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Set pay scales for the clergy and provided that voters elect their own parish priests and bishops as they had elected their officials. This served as new paper money issued by the govenrment. People would sell these bids in state auctions. These auctions cut the value of paper money -
Clergy forced to swear an oath of loyalty
Fced with resistence to chanegs of the civil constitution of the clergy in Nov. 1790,the national asembly required all clergy members to swear an oath of loyalty to the CCC. -
Louis declares war on Austria
Louis thought that this war would lead to the defeat of the revolution, while deputies that fovred the republic believed the war would lead to the King's downfall. Prussia immediately entered the Austrian side, many gathered on the eastern border ready to form a counterrevolutionary army. -
Angry crowd invades the Hall of Assembly in Paris
After invading the hall, the crowd thereatend the royal family. The Prussian commander issued a manifesto announcing that paris would be totally destroyed if the royal family suffered any violence. -
The Second Revolution
Faced with military threatening retalitation and frustrated with the Legislative assembly, the san-culottes organized an insurrection and attacked the Tuileries palace, the residence of the king. The King and his wife were forced to take refugee, and while deputies instituted universal male suffrage for the first time. -
Divorce law
This was the most far reaching law in Europe: a couple could divorce by mutual consent or for reasons such as insanity or criminal conviction. Many took advantage of this law, despite the pope's warning it would condemn. -
First French Republic established
When the convention met, they abloished the monarchy and established the republic. The republic would answer only to the people, not to the royal authority. Many belonged to the Jacobin Club which headed a national politic network of clubs that linked all the major towns and cities. -
The trial of the King
This was the first showdown between the Girondins and the Mountain. Although the Girondins agreed that the king was guilty of treason, many argued for exile, or clememcy. The national Convention supported the Mountain and voted by a very narrow majority to execute the king. -
Louis XVI executed
Louis XVI shared the fate of Charles I of England and was executed for treason after voted by the National Convention, favoring with the Mountains. -
Parisian militants march into the National Convention
By marching in this forced the deputies to decree the arrest of their twenty nine Girondin colleagues. The Convention onsented to the establishment of parlimentary bands called "revolutionary armies." -
Festival of Unity
Jacques Louis David took over festival planning to makr the one year anniversary of Bastille day. He aimed to destroy the monarchy and make the republic sacred. This festival celebrated the first overthrow of the monarchy. -
Establishment of the General Maximum
In an effort to stabalize prices, this General maximum was developed. This set limits on the prices of the thirty nine essential commodities and on wages. In a speech at the convention. -
Marie Antoninette convicted to treason
On this date she was convicted of treason and sentenced to death. In an effort to purge the state of unreliable officials she was killed and all the property was confiscated of all convicted traitors. -
Period: to
Reign of terror
The policy of 'terror' established under the direction of the Comittee of public safety during the French revolution to arrest dissidents and execute opponets in order to protect the republic from its enemies. This was headed by Maximilen Robespierre, who wanted to create a "republic of virtue." -
Period: to
French Armies invade austrian netherlands
By doing this, and crossing the Rhine river, they had proclaimed a war of liberation. Most in the middle class in the northern and eastern france reacted positivly to this invasion. -
Convention abloishes slavery
The Convention formally abolished slavery and granted full rights to all black men in the colonies. These actions had the desired effect. One of the ablest black generals allied with the Spanish and ex slave DOminique Toussaint L'Ouverture changed sides and committed his troops to the French. -
End of the Terror
A group of deputies joined within the convention to order the arrest and execution of Robespierre and his followers. This was prompted after he walked into the convention with yet another list of deputies to be arrested. The convention then ordered elections and ordered up a new republican constitution that gave executive power to five directors. -
Period: to
Thermidorian reaction
The men who attacked Thermidor did not intend to reverse all of his policies, but this happened anyways in what is known as the Thermidorian reaction. It was the violent backlash against the rule of Robespierre that dismantled the Terror and punished Jacobins and their supporters. -
Period: to
Reign of Fredericj William II
After the crushign defeat of Prussia left the country greatly reduced in territory, this ruer appointed a reform commonission, and on its recommendation he abolished serfdom and allowed non-nobles to buy enclosed land. -
Period: to
Directory sets aside plans to invade england
After doing this they gave Bonaparte command of the army raised for that purposem and sent him across the Mediterranean sea to Egypt, hoping the French occupation of Egypt would strike a blow at the British trade by cutting the route to India. -
legislature moves out of paris
Convinced by the conspirators, the legislature was persuaded to move out of Paris to avoid an imaginary Jacobin plot. When Bonaparte stomped into the new meeting hall the next day and demanded change to his constitution, he was greeted with cries of "Down with the dictator!" -
Napoleon Takes over French republic
This charasmatic young general took over the French Republic and set France on a new course. In a year he had effectivly ended the French revolution and steered France toward an authoritarian state. -
Period: to
Napoleon
In 1802 he named himself consul for life, and in 1804, with the Pope's blessing he named himself emporer in 1804. He was a French general who became the first consul and emporer and after losing the battle Waterloo he was exiled to the island of St. Helena. -
Period: to
Reign of Pope Pius VII
was part of a concordant in 1801 that ended a decacde of church-state conflict in France. The pope validated all sales of church lands and the government agreed to pay the salaries of bishops and priests who would swear loyalty to the state. -
Period: to
Reign of tsar Alexander I
After Napolean defeated the Russian he and Alexander I began negotiations that resulted in a humiiating settlement imposed on Prussia, which paid the price for temporary reconciliation between France and Russia. -
Treaty of Amiens
Once the Austrians had withdrawn, the British agreed to the Treaty of Amiens, effectively ending hostilities on the continent. Napoleon only considered this a truce, however. -
Civil Code completed
Napolean successfully established a new code, partly because he personally presided over the commission that drafted the New Civil Code. It was called the Napoleonic Code as a way of furthering his image, it asserted the old regime's patriarchal system of male dominance over women, and a father's control of children. -
The Battle of Austerlitz
This batttle was on the annoversary of Napoleons corination and eh trounced the Austrians who had joined a new ally, Russia. -
Confederation of the Rhine established
Established by Napoleon, this soon included all the German states except Austrica and Prussia. The Holy Roman Emporer gave up his title and became the emporer of Austria. Napoleon established three units in Italy, making the nation more unfied. -
Continental System
In an effort to bankrupt this "nation of shopkeepers" by choking its trade, Napolean inagurated this system. It prohbite all comemrce between Great britain and Frace. British exports originally dropped by 20 %, but the British retaliated by confiscating merchandises on ships. -
Period: to
Resistance to the french Rule
Smuggling British goods was one way of opposing the french, and almost everywhere in Europe resistance began as local oppositio to french demands for money and draftees. This opposition thrived in secret socities called "carbonari" -
Hierarchy of Nobles Introduced
Napolean introduces a complete hierarchy of noble titles, ranging from princes down to barons and chevaliers. All nobles served the state. Ttitles could be inherited but had to be supported by wealth. -
Invasion of Russia
Napoleon tried to strike quickly, as he usualy did, but Russian generals avoided confrontation and retorted eastward, destroying anything useful to the invaders. Napoleon hoped to compel Tsar Alexander I to stop trading with the british. -
Period: to
Louis XVIII Reign
Was restored to the throne by allies, and was the brother of Louis XVI, beheaded during the revolution. -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
This was the face to face negotiations between the great powers to settle the boundaries of European states and detrmine who would rule each nation after the defeat of Napoleon. -
Napoleon is deposed
The French senate deposed Napoleon, who abdicated when his remaining generals refused to fight. He went into exile on the island of Eba off the italian coast, as his wife refused to accompany him. The allies restored Louis XVIII to the throne. -
Battle of Waterloo
It was Napoleon vs. Sir Arthur Wellesley, in Waterloo, less than ten miles from brussels. Napoleon attacked with first the infantry, then the calvary, but both failed to defeat their opponets. After the prussians arrived, Napoleon had no choice but to abdicate again. This time he was banished permenately to rhe remote island of St. Helena, where he died at the age of fifty two. -
Treaty of Adrianople
This concluded the Russo-Trukish war between Russia and the ottoman empire. It was signed and gave Russia a protectorate over the Danubian principalitie in the Balkans and provided for a conference among representatives of britain, russia, and France, as well as all who had broken with Austria in support of the greeks. -
Reform Bill of 1832
A measure passed by the British Parliment to increase the number of male voters by about 50 percent and give representation to new cities in the north. It set a preedent fr widenin suffrage.