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In 1856, under pressure from the British and French, the Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all the people under their rule. That measure angered conservative Turks, who wanted no change in the situation, and caused tensions in the empire.
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Austria video
In 1866, Prussia defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian War. With its victory, Prussia gained control of the newly organized North German Confederation, a union of Prussia and 21 smaller German political units. -
Nationalist disputes continued to weaken the empire for more than 40 years. Finally, after World War I, Austria-Hungary broke into several separate nation-states.
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Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split his empire in half, declaring Austria and Hungary independent states, with himself as ruler of both. The empire was now called Austria-Hungary or the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Nationalism also helped break up the 370-year-
old empire of the czars in Russia. In addition to the Russians themselves, The czar ruled over 22 million Ukrainians, 8 million Poles, and smaller numbers of Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians,
Turks, and others. -
In response to nationalism in Armenia, the Ottomans massacred and deported Armenians from 1894 to 1896 and
again in 1915. -
Making
Inferences
Why might
The ruling Romanov dynasty of Russia was determined to maintain iron control
over this diversity. They instituted a policy of Russification, forcing Russian culture
on all the ethnic groups in the empire. This policy actually strengthened ethnic
nationalist feelings and helped to disunify Russia. The weakened czarist empire
finally could not withstand the double shock of World War I and the communist rev-
olution. -
Czar life pictures
The last Romanov czar gave up his power in 1917 -
The Ottoman Empire broke apart soon after
World War I.
