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armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II’s demand to go to war against Muslim forces in the Holy Land.
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Four armies of Crusaders were formed from troops of different Western European regions
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In May 1097, the Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nicea. The city surrendered in late June.
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capturing the great Syrian city of Antioch in June 1098.
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Led by two great rulers, King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, the Second Crusade began in 1147
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The Turks crushed Conrad’s forces at Dorylaeum, site of a great victory during the First Crusade.
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forced the Crusader army to evacuate.
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In 1187, Saladin began a major campaign against the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. His troops virtually destroyed the Christian army at the battle of Hattin, taking the city along with a large amount of territory.
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In September 1191, Richard’s forces defeated those of Saladin in the battle of Arsuf; it would be the only true battle of the Third Crusade.
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In September 1192, Richard and Saladin signed a peace treaty that reestablished the Kingdom of Jerusalem
