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Event : the Egyptian ruler Hakim persecutes Christianity
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led from 1003-1009
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led from 1009-12
Event : Fatimid ruler Al-Hakim orders the destruction of the Christian basilica of the Sepulchre.
Event : Arabs destroy the church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem -
led from 1100-1102
Event : England's king Henry I fights with Pope Pasquale II on the issue of lay investiture (the king elects the bishops) -
led in 1102
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the Danish king Erik Ejegod (Erik I) obtains that Lund become the archiepiscopal see for the whole of Scandinavia
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the Concordat of London finds a compromise between England's king Henry I and Pope Pasquale II on the issue of lay investiture (the king elects the bishops)
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led from 1198-1216
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the Jews are expelled from England
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the Crusaders, led by Venezia, sack Constantinople, a Christian city
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pope Innocent III launches a crusade against the Catharist/Albigensian and the Waldensian heretics
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led from 1216-26
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1227-41
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1294-1303
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Boniface VIII announces the first Jubilee Year, during which special indulgences are granted
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Boniface VIII's "Unam Sanctam" proclaims that it "is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff"
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1303-4
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The French king Philippe IV kidnaps pope Boniface VIII over the right to tax the French clergy
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1305-14
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led from 1389-1404
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1404-6
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the Teutonic Knights are defeated by Jagiello's Polish-Lithuanian army at the battle of Tannenberg
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the Council of Constance assembles to settle the schism of the three popes Gregory XII, Benedict XIII and John XXIII
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the Council of Constance fires the three rival popes and chooses cardinal Oddone Colonna as Pope Martin V
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1394-1423
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Alexander VI appoints twelve new cardinals in return for huge payments
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European Jews divide into "Sephardim" (Spanish and Portuguese Jews) and "Askenazim" (German and Polish Jews)
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Cesare Borgia leads the Papal army to reconquer the old Papal states, and fight the Orsini and Colonna families
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led from 1503-13
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led from 1513-21
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the philosopher Giordano Bruno is executed as an heretic in Rome for claiming that the universe is infinite
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led in 1605
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1605-21
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English pilgrims aboard the "Mayflower" land at Plymouth Rock on Cape Cod, Massachusetts
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was pope from 1621-23
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200,000 Jews are slaughtered during the Russian invasion of Poland by Cossacks led by Bogdan Chmielnicki
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the Jews are expelled from Wien (Vienna)