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Community Services
In the early 1800s, the government did not provide social services like health care, and education, people organized themselves to help one another. Churches provided social services, the Catholic Church was a central part of the community for virtually essential services like nursing and education. -
The Metis
The Metis were able to live together in established communities during the early 1800s. Most Metis worked at least part of the year in the fur trade. The North West Company became a major player in the fur trade. An important source of income was the annual bison hunt. Every year, Metis hunters travelled westward as a community to hunt the great bison herds. The hunt provided food for them and it was a source of income from making and selling pemmican. -
Metis Culture
The Metis has their own language called Michif, it's a combination of mainly French and Cree, they also have their own beliefs. They even developed a distinct style of clothing. They created dances, such as the Red River Jig and songs that reflected their experiences, these are still performed today. The Metis formed political bonds as well. They stood together as a community to resist attacks on their rights and way of life. -
American Settlement
Expending American settlement west a priority politicians throughout the 1800s. -
Chateau St.Louis
Social dances were popular in England and France, they were held in Chateau St. Louis in Quebec city. The Chateau was an official residence to many upper-class people. This painting, named Dance in Chateau, St. Louis was made by George Heriot's, showing a dance in action. -
Life For The Middle And Lower Class
Most townspeople in the early 1800s in Canada belonged to to the middle and lower classes. (The upper class was mostly made up of wealthy British people). Townspeople worked as shopkeepers, blacksmiths, bakers, grocery, dressmaker, glassblower -
Slavery
An advertisement appeared in the Niagara Herald from November 18, 1801, until January 9, 1802. Slaves were considered property, they were sold, bought and passed down. In 1833, over 4000 people were enslaved, two-thirds of them were First Nations. -
Most Population In Canada
Quebec City, founded in 1608 had the most population in Canada in the 1800s. Most large established communities were located by the East Coast and Lower Canada. -
Townspeople
Many of the townspeople in the early 1800s in Canada belonged to the middle and lower classes. (The upper class was mostly made up of wealthy British people). People who weren't in the upper class worked as shopkeepers, blacksmiths, bakers, grocer, dressmaker, glassblower. -
Napoleon War
By 1812, there was already a war going on between France and Britain. The Napoleonic wars(1803-1815) pitted French Empire against other European powers. -
Social Rankings
In 1800, many societies had social rankings. Often, people with money and status did not treat those with less money and status very well. -
Battle Of Chateauguay
The Battle of the Châteauguay National Historic Site commemorates the Battle of Châteauguay, a battle in the War of 1812 that took place on 26 October 1813. Canadian troops, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles-Michel de Salaberry, defeated a larger American force -
York
The watercolor painting, entitled York, Upper Canada, was painted by Elizabeth Hale. -
Social Rankings
Many societies had social rankings. Often, people with money and status did not treat those with less money and status very well. -
First Nations and The Treaty of Ghent
The First Nations were very upset when they saw the Treaty of Ghent. The British tried to negotiate an established territory for First Nations peoples, the United States refused.The First Nations lost their military and economic allies in North America. Promises made by the British before the war in order to secure First Nations alliances were also quickly abandoned and soon forgotten. -
Displacement
Some First Nations people were displaced from the US to Canada. When loyalists arrived, other First Nations were displaced within Canada. To clarify the situation, the government negotiate a second treaty for the same land in 1805 -
Napoleon Trading Restrictions
In 1806, Napoleon ordered European nations under French control to stop trading with Britain. -
Schooling
Everyone in the family had to help with the chores around the house Many families had at least 7-8 children who did many chores every day. During harvest, they helped clear crops. Not many children went to school because of the chores around the house. Only wealthy families were able to afford the private schools for their children, many children learned how to read and write from their parents. In 1807, the government agreed to fund 8 public schools, each could fit 100 boys. -
Chesapeake-Leopard affair
On June 1807, HMS Leopard, a British warship, fired on USS Chesapeake, an American ship, for failing to stop so that the British could search for deserters.The crew of Leopard pursued, attacked, and boarded the American frigate, looking for deserters from the Royal Navy. Chesapeake was caught unprepared and after a short battle involving broadsides received from Leopard, the commander of Chesapeake, James Barron, surrendered his vessel to the British. -
Red River Land Grant
Lord Selkirk receives Red River land grant from Hudson's Bay Company. -
Battle of Tippecanoe
Tecumseh was a Shawnee chief and military leader.Tenskwatawa wanted to unify First nations people as one community. Tecumseh was protesting Harrison’s role in acquiring First Nation lands, paved the way for expending American settlement. Tecumseh's confederacy was dealt a significant blow on November 7, 1811.The Americans defeated Tenskwatawa at the battle of Tippecanoe.
Tecumseh went on to lead First nations warriors against the American during the war of 1812. -
Living in a War Zone
Thousands of women and children were forced from their homes, including about 3000 First Nations. In Upper Canada, nearly 1 in 10 families lost property and 1 in 45 lost a family member in the war. Invading American soldiers posed a real danger in Upper and Lower Canada. Although the British government offered to compensate people from their lost property, the payments came years later and were far less than what was lost. Women took care of homes, children and farms, and provided support. -
Declaration Of War
On June 1, 1812, President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain, though not specifically calling for a declaration of war. -
Period: to
1812 War
Britain, France, Ireland and Russia were part of an alliance called the Triple Entente, while Germany aligned itself with Austria-Hungary – known as the Central Powers. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28th June 1914, it triggered a chain of events that resulted in World War 1. -
Siege Of Detroit
At the outset of the war, the Americans focused on Detroit as a key location from which to invade Upper Canada. Detroit lay between the British forces and their First Nations allies. By setting up camp in Detroit, the Americans hoped to interrupt communications between the British and their allies. Hull's strategy of scaring colonists in Upper Canada into surrendering to the Americans did not work. In August 1812, uner the leadership of Brock, a few hundred soldiers from Britan attacked. -
Battle of Queenston Heights
One of the most famous battles of the War of 1812, the struggle for Queenston Heights was both a triumph and a tragedy for the British and Canadian forces fighting the invading American army. The British and Canadians fought back the Americans and prepared the way for eventual victory, but suffered the loss of one of their most important leaders, Isaac Brock. -
Battle Of York
At dawn on Tuesday, April 27, 1813, a squadron of American warships bore down upon the town of York, situated on the northwest corner of Lake Ontario. Aboard USS Madison, a 24-gun corvette, Major General Henry Dearborn, a 62-year-old veteran of the Revolutionary War, surveyed the shoreline where his army would land. Beside the general, Commodore Isaac Chauncey gave orders to bring the vessels as close to shore as possible. Throughout the squadron, armed men prepared to disembark. -
Battle Of Beaver Dams
The Battle of Beaver Dams established the importance of the guile, professional soldiering, Aboriginal warfare and luck involved in British victory. It occurred during the "see-saw" battles of 1813, in which American forces sought to press their victories on Canadian soil after the successful capture of Fort George in May 1813. Boerstler's defeat. -
Battle of the Thames
The Battle of the Thames occurred 5 October 1813, during the War of 1812. Following the American naval victory under Captain Oliver H. Perry in the battle on Lake Erie at Put-in-Bay on 10 September 1813, the entire western peninsula of Upper Canada was in danger of falling into enemy hands. Major General Henry Procter, who commanded all British and Canadian forces west of Burlington, was short of supplies and decided to retreat up the River Thames. -
Battle of Cryslers Farm
This decisive land battle in the War of 1812 was fought on 11 November 1813 on a farmer's field between Morrisburg and Cornwall, Ont, along the shores of the St. Lawrence River. The Battle of Crysler's Farm was the Americans' last attempt at capturing Montréal, and it was considered by many to be a disastrous defeat for their army. -
Living In A War Zone
Thousands of women and children are forced from their house
About 2000 and 4500 First Nations women and children. And their family members and friends are killed. The houses are burned to the grounds also their food is stolen by the American soldiers. Women took care of homes and kids and farms. The men went off to fight. Attack that Ryerse witnessed on December 10, 1813 -
Crown
American artist John Archibald Woodside created this painting to No Crown. “Crown” is a reference to the British monarchy. -
Battle of Lundys Lane
The Battle of Lundy's Lane, during the War of 1812, was fought between American troops and British regulars assisted by Canadian fencibles and militia on the sultry evening of 25 July 1814, almost within sight of Niagara Falls. -
Burning Of Washington DC
On August 24, 1814, British troops recently arrived from the Napoleonic Wars in Europe easily overran the inexperienced U.S. militiamen tasked with defending Washington, D.C. They then set much of the city ablaze, thereby humiliating the administration of President James Madison. The British only occupied Washington for 24 hours, however, and soon after suffered major defeats of their own that helped bring the War of 1812 to a close. -
Siege Of Fort Erie
The Siege of Fort Erie was one of the last and most protracted engagements between British and American forces during the Niagara campaign of the American War of 1812. From 4 August to 21 September 1814, the Americans successfully defended Fort Erie against a British army. During the siege, the British suffered heavy casualties in a failed storming attempt and also suffered from sickness and exposure in their rough encampments. -
Battle Of Plattsburgh
The Battle of Plattsburgh ended the final invasion of the northern states of the United States during the War of 1812. A British army under Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost and a naval squadron under Captain George Downie converged on the lakeside town of Plattsburgh, which was defended by New York and Vermont militia and detachments of regular troops of the United States Army, all under the command of Brigadier General Alexander Macomb, and ships commanded by Commandant Thomas Macdonough. -
Treaty Of Ghent
Both sides wanted to end the war. The Americans realized they could not take over the colonies in Canada. Their goal was to protect the territory and independence that they had gained during the American Revolution. While the American and the British were negotiating peace in August 1814, the British burned down the capital in Washington D.C. -
Territorial Loss
First nations fought in the war of 1812 to protect their lands from settlement by Americans. To create an Indian state. Summer of 1815 US signed treaties with different first nations, but they still never return the land back to first nation. -
Battle Of New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans was a series of engagements fought between December 14, 1814 and January 18, 1815, constituting the last major battle of the War of 1812. American combatants, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, prevented a much larger British force, commanded by Admiral Alexander Cochrane and General Edward Pakenham, from seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase. -
Fires
Many homes were built of mainly out of wood, burning quickly if a fire broke out. Homes were compact together, so if one house caught fire, houses beside it caught fire quickly as well. In St. John, Newfoundland, there were three fires in 1816 and 1817, which drove one-quarter of the population from their homes. As towns grew, firefighters, police, and other services grew with them. -
Robert Fleming Gourlay
Robert Fleming Gourlay was a Scottish farmer who came to Upper Canada in 1817 to settle a plot of land. In 1819, they banished him from Upper Canada for encouraging rebellion. His banishment ended in 1839. -
Red River
Peter Rindisbatcher painted this in 1821 -
The End Of Beothuk
The Beothuk relied on the ocean and the river for food, but when European fishers came to the island beginning about 1600, the fishers and the Beothuk did not get along. Disease spread among the Beothuk through changed in their diet and occasional contact with Europeans and the items they left behind. Some violence continued as the Beothuk raided settlements. Over time, the Beothuk culture and people could no longer survive. The last surviving Beothuk named Shanawdithit died in 1826. -
Cutting Ice for the Summer at Quebec City, Lower Canada
James Pattison Cockburn painted Cutting Ice for the Summer at Quebec City, Lower Canada, in 1830 -
The Anishinaabe Community
In 1845, a Catholic priest named Joseph-Urbain Hanipale moved to Manitoulin Island to serve the Anishinaabe community. -
Indian Sugar Camp
This 1853 painting named Indian Sugar Camp by Seth Eastman, shows First Nations people making maple sugar.
