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-Caused by Super natural spirits -
- Tribals doctors performed ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits.
- One of the ceremonies included an early form of trephining, where the tribal doctors would remove a part of their cranium to exorcise demons.
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-digitalis was created from the foxglove plant and is given in pill form today, or to treat heart conditions.
- quinine was created from the bark of the cinchona tree and it controls fever, and helps prevents malaria.
- belladonna and atropine are created from the poisonous nightshade plant which was used to relieve muscle spasm.
- morphine was created from the opium poppy and was used to treat severe pain. -
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-The Egyptians were the ones who kept an accurate health record. They learned to identify some certain diseases and always called upon the gods to help them
-The Egyptians were the physicians and used medicine to heal diseases, and treated disorders.
-Leaches are a treatment to heal skin -
-The ancient Chinese were the first to use acupuncture therapies.
-They learned to treat illness and disease with stone tools. -
-Ancient Greeks were the first to study the causes of disease and find that illnesses have natural rather than spiritual causes.
-during ancient times they did allow bodies to be dissected.
-Hippocrates wrote the ethics called the oath of Hippocrates which is the basis of todays medical ethics. -
-The Greeks discovered that some disease was caused by a lack of sanitation, so the Greeks made a sanitation system.
-the first people to organize medical care were the Romans
-the Roman’s kept a room in there house for the ill which were the beginning of hospitals. -
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-The study of medicine was stopped, because the church believed that life and death were always in god’s hands.
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-They treated diseases by praying.
-There medications for treatments consisted of herbal mixtures. -
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-Epidemics caused millions of deaths during the Middle Ages.
-They discovered to use vaccines and medications to control those diseases. -
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-During this period, they built universities of medical schools for research.
-They used the acceptance of dissection of the body for there studies.
-The existence of books allowed greater knowledge and access for research. -
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-Leonardo da Vinci recorded and studied the anatomy of the body. -
-Gabrielle Fallopius discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy
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-Bartolommeo Eustachio discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat.
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-William Harvey was able to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart.
-He used his knowledge to understand physiology. -
-Antonie von Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope.
-He scraped his teeth and found the bacteria that causes tooth decay. -
-The apothecaries engaged in a trade in drugs and spices from the east.
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-Benjamin Franklin discovered that colds could be passed down person to person.
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-Medical students learning observed patients at the beside.
-When a patient died, they dissected the body and observed the disease process. This led to better understandings of Illness and death. -
-Joesph Priestley discovered the element of oxygen and found that plants refresh air that has lost its oxygen making it usable for respiration.
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-Edward Jenner discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox and saved millions of lives.
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-René Laënnec invented the stethoscope which was made out of wood.
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-Ignaz Semmelweis discovered the cause of childbed fever.
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-Florence Nightingale took a group of 38 women to care for soldiers dying from cholera during the Crimean war.
-She became a legend while she was there because of her dedication to nursing. -
-Louis Pasteur discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere.
-Through his studies he proved that microorganisms caused disease.
-He also discovered that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria. -
-Dimitri Ivanovski discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms called viruses and cannot be seen with a microscope
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-Joesph Lister used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that caused infections
-He became the first doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery which helped prevent infection in the incision -
-Ernst von Bergmann developed asepsis
-He developed a method to keep an area germ free before and during surgery -
-Robert Koch discovered many disease causing organisms
-he created the culture plate method to identify pathogens and isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis
-he also introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation to prevent the spread of disease -
-Paul Ehrlich discovered the effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms
-His discoveries brought the use of chemicals to fight disease -
-Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays
-He took the first picture using x-rays of his wife’s hand -
-Surgery was performed on patients without anesthesia
-Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to relive the pain of surgery and sometimes even choked patients to cause unconsciousness to stop pain. -
-Sir Alexander Fleming discovered that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria
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-Sigmund Freud discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind.
-His studies were the basis of psychology and psychiatry -
-Gerhard Domagk discovered sulfonamide compounds
-These compounds were the first medications that were effective in killing bacteria. -
-Jonas Salk discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis.
-The virus paralyzed thousands of children and adults every year. -
-Albert Sabin used a live polio virus vaccine.
-The vaccine is now used today to immunize babies against this dreaded disease. -
-Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the molecular structure of DNA based on its double helix. -
-Christian Barnard performed the first successful heart transplant. -
-Ben Carson is and continues to be a pioneer in separation Siamese twins
-He also performs hemispherectomies surgeries on the brain to stop seizures. -
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- Telemedicine
- Therapy in cancer treatment
- Disabling disease through genetic research
- Mobile health
- Controlling heart disease