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The Begining og the renaisance occured from 1050 to 1300. It began in the Northern italian cities, then spread to southern Italy . They experienced phenomenal commercial and financial development. there was also an increase in of political power of self-governing cities. This is a result of expanding trade with the middle east and
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He is conidered to be one of the greatest explorers ever. he visited as far away as China
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art and literature flourished durning the renaissance. The Norther renaissance focused more on religious reform and Humanism. The Renaissance in italy experienced economic and social change.
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The hundred yoears war was between France and England. It wasnt a single conflict but was a series of conflicts
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King Edward the 3rd repudiated his large depts to Florentine bankers forcing many of them into bankruptcy.
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Henry established a school for navigation.He reached as far as Guinea and granted Portuguise control ovr the gold flow in Europe
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he discovered hispanola. he is credited with causing the death of thousands of people
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He wrote a letter titled Mundes Novus were he explained that america was seperate from asia. america is named after him
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the invention of movable type made it possible to mass produce literature
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The war of roses between the Yorks and the Lancasters hurt trade, agriculture, and domestic industry
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The marrige of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Argon unified Spain
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Portuguise explorer who conqured the Incan empire. he also discovered the worlds richest silver mines
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was the first pearson to circumnavigate the globe. he also found a diret rout to asia
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Sultan Mohamed II siezed constantnople by using canons. They were not very effective for land battles butwere great at sea
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Spanish explorer who went to mainland mexico. He conquered the aztecempire
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Ferdinand and Isabella revived the Inquisition to expel the Jews and unify Spain. The inquisition used tourture to get jews to convert to christianity.
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Luthor published his 95 theses. He talked about rejecting the idea of indulgences. He also criticised papal wealth.
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A series of conflicts where the Germans and Spanish attempted to expel the French from italy.
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Luthor was excommunicated for denieing the authority of the pope. He was declared an outlaw by Charles V at worms.
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Luthor translated the New Testament into german.This democratized religion
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William Tyndale began english copies of the new testiment. Henry the VIII accepts protestant reform so can divorce his wife.
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A period of tremendus growth in knowledge
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Copurnicus publishes "On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres". This suggests that the sun is the center of the Solar system, rather then the Earth.
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Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion.
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Conflict between Henry of Guise, Henry of Navana, and King Henry IV
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An exploding star disproves the christian explenatin of the solar system. It also encouradges the exeptance of the Coperican System.
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12,000 french huguenots where killed between august 25th and october 3rd.
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crushed all signs of rebelion. divided france into 32 generaneues.
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appointed Maaximiian de Bethune as chief minister. Tried to keep farmers at peace. Henry IV was murdered in 1610
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Henry IV of france allows huguenots in his country. It was revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV
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continued Richelious centralizing policies. there was also a civil war called Fonde, which means slingshot or catapult.
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Johannes Kepler formulated the first and second laws of planetary motion. The first law states that the orbits of the planets are eliptical. The second law says that planets do not move at a uniform speed.
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began when protestants threw two of king ferdinands officials out of a window
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While serving in the Thirty Years war, Descartes discovered that there was a perfect correspondence between geometry and algebra.
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The 3rd law of planetary motion states that the time that it takes a planet orbit the sun is directly related to the planets distance from the sun.
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Supported mercantielism. wanted france to becom self-sufficient. he wanted control of canada, so he sent 4,000 peasent there.
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There where many catholic victories. Ferdinand made an army loyal to him rather than to the catholic cause.
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The king of sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, won a victory because he a superor army with better weapons
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Galileo was tried for heracy after publishing "Dialogue on the two cief systems of the World". Events like this stifled scientific progress.
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France declared war on spain. it lasted so long because no side could strike a winning blow
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The Counter Reformation church helped count for the decline of science in Italy
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He called himself the "Sun King". he built versalilles to control the nobility
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Princess were given the ability to chose the religion of thier subjects
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after the 30 years war, alot of property was damadged. 1/3 of the urban population died and 2/5 of the rural population died
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The Royal Society of London was established. They published scientific papres and sponsored sientific meetings.
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Over his life time, Jethro Toll invented the seed drill and introduced selective breeding
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It is revoked. "One king, one law, one faith"
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Newton Publishes "Pricipia" he also talks about the Laws of Universal Gravitation.
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John Locke writes the "Essay Concerning Human Understanding". It proposed the idea that people learn based on experiences.
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John Lockes "Second Treatise of Civil Government" talks about natural rights. These rights are life, liberty, and property. John Locke believed that governments couldnt take the rights away.
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attendance at elementary schools becoms manditory in Prussia
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The first foundling homes are being establihed by the governments
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Montesque publishes a social satire called the Persian Letter. they where supposedly writen by a persian traveler and critiqued european customs.
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The lasr Bubonic plague occurs between 1721 and 1722. A smaller black rat population, medical advances, and better sanitation all contributed to the end of the Bubonic plague.
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Montisque publishes a complex comparative study of republics, monarchies, and despotisms. He argues that despotisms could be avoided if there was a seperation of powers.
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A majority of french books produced in this time period where produced by foreign publishers and then smuggled into France
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The first volume of The Encyclopedia is published in 1751. it if placed on the Catholic church's index of forbidden works because it dealt with the controvertial subjects of atheism, the soul, and blind people. (all words begining with the letter a in french)
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Rousseau descuses General will and Popular Sovereignty
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The American Revelutionary war began to gain independence from britan.
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Adam Smith writes the Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. this establishes the basis of modern econoics, and was highly critical of eighteenth century mercantilism
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the french republic overthrew the monarch and founded a new government
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Jenner preforms the first smallpox vaccination
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Britich slave trade is abolished