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The empire failed to enforce its rule and was divided into many polities. Mainly due to the fall of the military losses to other militaries. -
Barbarism caused widespread disorder and suffering. Kings couldn't defend their lands. These attacks were mainly on Rome. -
Gregory felt that the church was the supreme authority over everybody. He wanted to expand the church to other territories. -
Restored the Holy Roman Empire in the West for the first time since its downfall. Charlemagne gave money and land to the church and protected the popes. -
Right to test by jury, not king's opinion; King cant seize property; King cant raise taxes unless elected representative agrees; Cant be accused of a crime without witnesses. -
Came with the signing of the Magna Carta. It means the King had to share power with representatives. Similar to our power with congress and the president. -
The pandemic spread from being carried by rats and fleas; the most fatal pandemic in history. Approx. 75-200 million killed. Caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. -
Colonialism is when a country conquers and rules over other regions. Portugal and Spain were very big on this. -
Prince Henry sponsored the exploration of the African Coast and hunting expeditions. Many slaves were captured and brought back to Portugal. -
Most famous for his paintings The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. He was born in Florence and kept up the famous title for art in Florence. -
Town transformed from being a small town to a well-known commercial and rich town. This was the start of the 15th revolution in art and architecture. Rich people lived here to support artists; a rich family includes the Medici family, which ruled Florence for more than 60 years. -
Christopher Columbus discovered the Bahamas in 1492. His ships landed on a native island that Columbus renamed San Salvador. -
Major new ideas emerged. It was believed that there are “laws of nature” that govern nature and the universe can be discovered and applied to the same situation with the same results. The world can thus be understood, predicted, and shaped by humans, not just God. -
The 95 theses states that the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds. This started the Protestant Restoration.
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Spanish missionaries were sent by the Roman Catholic Church to convert others to Christianity. They led the settlement and early government. -
Luther wrote two articles about Admonition to Peace Concerning the Twelve Articles of the Peasants, which showed sympathy for the peasants. He also wrote Against the Murderous and Robbing Hordes of the Peasants, which forcefully denounced them. -
He was appointed priest of the cathedral of Frauenburg, Poland and in this town he died in 1543, having devoted the latter part of his life largely to astronomy. He laid the foundations of modern astronomy by proposing the heliocentric model. -
Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe. Other astronomers added more evidence strengthening his theory. Their evidence was based on logical-mathematical formulas and what they could see with their eyes. Galileo built a telescope and supported the heliocentric model with more observable proof and was put on trial for heresy. -
Like astronomy, medicine had been based on classical thinkers. Improvements made through increasing use of autopsies ad dissections - first on animals, then of the human body had been extremely taboo if not explicitly forbidden. Herbalists and midwives provide vital services but were primary targets for accusations of witchcraft lessened when the practice of chemical pharmacology became mainstream. -
The council of trent was the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation. They are most known for abolishing some abuses and introduced or recommended disciplinary reforms affecting the sale of indulgences. -
The Dutch monopolized European and world trade. The beginnings of capitalism resulted in the joint-stock company, mercantilism, and the Bank of Amsterdam. -
Believes that the monarch obeys the laws of nature and grants its subjects their natural beauty and private property. Louis XIV believed that absolutism was free of all restraints. Bodin didn’t believe this but instead believed that you must obey the laws of nature. -
The potato arrived in Europe before the end of the 16th century. It first arrived in Spain around 1570 and continued to spread. Potatoes were very popular and Irish farmers ate around 10 pounds a day. -
Learning was based on what's observed, rather than faith-based reasoning. Ideas about the universe had to be both observed and proven through experiments -
The first and most significant discoveries of the scientific revolution were in the field of astronomy. Aristotle and Ptolemy said that the earth was the center of the universe, a geocentric model. The work of these classical thinkers was seen as fixed, and unchanging
Accepted by the church. If you directly challenged official church doctrine, you were accused of heresy -
It has music and art being shown in it which is converted to the new human growth of humanism. Maps had a major impact on world trade and maps are shown in the paintings -
Other professors didn't care to look at his work. He believed that people who disagreed would him would go as far as to charge him with crimes. He says that they shield themselves with lies of the bible and believes that this is wrong and heretical. -
He believed that the king was extremely valuable and powerful, that it was sacred and should be honored. He believed his power was absolute, deriving from God; and that he was guided by reason. -
When King Charles I challenged the power of parliament, they raised an army. This Civil war lasted for 5 years -
The Fronde was a series of uprisings against the monarchy's increased power. This inspired Louis to use Versailles and its elaborate rituals and ceremonies kept the nobles in line. Louis was called the "Sun King," as his subjects revolved around him. -
Also known as the Anglo-Dutch Wars, the Commercial Wars are significant in the downfall of the Dutch empire and the rise of England's navy. -
He believes they have to be able to defend all of their people, he believes that it is the only true form. He believes its the only way to avoid civil war and to maintain peace -
The purpose of all the paintings and architecture of Versailles was to celebrate and glorify the Sun King. Louis XIV used his fashion and image to suppress the nobility and inspire awe in both his subjects and foreign powers. Symbols in the painting of Louis XIV allude to his military might and royal authority. -
Peter the Great forced nobles to cut their beards or pay a beard tax of 100 rubles annually. Peter the Great modeled his capitol and military after other Western European powers and began to actively modernize Russia. -
Kings are to be regarded with the same respect and obedience as God. Kings are accountable to God only and no one else. To question a king is like an act of blasphemy against God. People must serve their king in body and spirit just as they serve God -
Nobody liked James I so he was removed; They invited new monarchs to take over. Mary, his daughter, replaced his rule. -
Parliament forced William and mary to sign it before they were crowned; Parliament is superior to the monarch, the monarch must follow rules. The bill specific civil rights. -
He believes that the ruler should be the first servant of the state and that everywhere needed a strong government, with power to modernize and support their people. He agrees on strong, conducted governments. -
This was intellectual and many philosophers began studying. It was one of the first steps to the world we have now with our new technologies. -
The main purpose was to completely change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power. It was a major social event in France. -
This is a fundamental document of the French Revolution that granted civil rights to some commoners. It was passed by France's National Constituent Assembly. -
This was the first meeting with an estates-general since 1614. He called this meeting due to financial problems in the French government. -
Marie Antoinette was beheaded after the revolutionary tribunal found crimes against her. She taxed too much and spend money on useless things. -
Robespierre spoke about virtue and political morality. This equated democracy when he explained the relationship between virtue and terror. -
This was a timeline of massacres and fear being spread. This started during the french revolution and when a fall happened under Robespierre -
This was a campaign that Napoleon Bonaparte in the Ottoman territories. They proclaimed to defend the frenches trade intrests. -
This overthrew the system of government under the directory in France. This made way for Napoleon to become the consulate. -
The Columbian exchange refers to the exchange of diseases, crops, ideas, food, and more. These were all spread by Christopher Columbus' voyages. -
An agreement reached Napoleon and representatives in Paris and Rome. It defined the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France and ended the breach caused by the church reforms. -
Imperialism means creating an empire, expanding into the neighboring regions, and expanding its dominance far. One country that gained this was China.
